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SYSTEMATIC VIEW 


OF 


GEOGRAPHY, 


WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 

CONCISENESS, ARRANGEMENT, CLASSIFICATION, 
ASSOCIATION, AND REVIEWS, 

f 

CONTAINED 

IN THREE PARTS; . 

INCLUDING A 

GENERAL, PARTICULAR, AND MISCELLANEOUS 



VIEW OF THE WORLD. 



BY WILLIAM WARREN, 

Principal of the Windham High School. 


* BANCOR; 

PUBLISHED BY E. F. DUREN. 

18 42 . 

* > ? •• 7 






* 


Entered According to Act of Congress, A. D. 1842, 

BY E. F. DUREX, 

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for 

i 

the District of Maine. 



PRESS OF A. SHIRLEY & SON, PORTLAND. 



V 


4 




INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


A school-book, in order to merit the confidence and 
patronage of the public, ought not simply to possess 
excellencies, but such as no other work of the kind 
possesses. The world is already flooded with books, 
especially school-books ; and not a little to the annoyance 
of teachers and the perplexity and confusion of scholars. 
Therefore no one ought to burden community by adding 
to the almost nu berless catalogues of text-books extant, 
unless he is cc ident that his work, instead of increas- 
ing, will actu. y diminish the number already in use. 
Nor should he trust his own judgment in ‘this matter; 
but submit I is work to the impartial examination and 
decision of competent judges, before its publication. 

The peculiarities of this work are the following: — 

1. Brevity and arrangement of the matter. 

2. Classification of subjects and points of interest 
pertaining to each country. 

3. Association, of what is identical or has a resem- 
blance. 

4. Order and system in reference to the questions. 

5. The prominence given to reviewing. 


IV 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


t s 

This system has been put to the test of several year’s 

- 

experience by the author and others ; and has been 

found to awaken an interest in the study, altogether unu- 

v 

sual. 

The fund of Geographical knowledge is greatly in- 
creased — general mental discipline promoted — and the 
memory very much strengthened, by the principles of 
order and association which run through the work. 

The author is compelled to differ from many who 
have published works of this kind, both in respect to 
the method of approaching this science, and also in re- 
spect to what should be committed to memory by the 
pupil. 

In this, as in every other subject, general principles 
and truths should first be secured ; and then the more 
particular and minute. 

To begin the study of Geography with a particular 
country or river, and close it with a general view of the 
earth, is like commencing the study of grammar with 
a tense or case , and closing it with the noun or verb. Or 
like beginning the study of chemistry with the Atomic 
theory, and closing it with a general discussion of the 
Elements. There is nothing like it, in fact, except the 
blowing of a trumpet , for which this theory seems to 
have been started. 

And in respect to what ought to be learned, he differs 
from recent writers on this subject. It seems clear, that 
after the more general ideas respecting the earth are re- 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. V 

ceived, and its principal surfaces defined by the learner, 
the exact limits of each particular country should be 
clearly known, together with all the particular points 
of interest pertaining to the different countries them- 
selves. No one can know definitely where a country 
is, unless he can bound it ; nor the relation it holds to 
other countries, unless he can bound them also. 

But what is a knowledge of Geography worth, unless 
it is known where the states and countries on the Globe 
are ? 

Besides, by accurately knowing the limits of each 
country, both memory and conception come in to aid 
the mind in fixing and retaining all the other important 
localities and matters in respect to these countries, and 
also their relation to those of other countries. 

As in morals and metaphysics, the exact limitation of 

general truths and principles, affords the surest way to 

all their subordinate truths and facts, so in Geography, 

♦ 

to know just where each country is, and by what it is 
bounded, gives the best key to all the other Geographical 
knowledge, pertaining to those countries. 

It has been found that scholars, of less than ordinary . 

t 

capacity, with hardly any previous knowledge of Geog- 
raphy, have been able to go through with the system as 
it stands in this volume, in less than three months, and in 
connection with other recitations. And that they have 
been prepared to sustain a thorough examination upon 
each country and state on the Globe. 


VI 


INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 


This work is now issued, without any recommenda- 
tion except its merits. It is hoped that it will obtain a 
fair trial, and will be found to facilitate the acquisition of 
a branch of knowledge, which has hitherto been found 
difficult to acquire, and still more difficult to retain. 

The third part or Miscellaneous view, embraces a brief 
historical sketch of the different countries and states ; 
and also a glance at the different Missionary Stations ; 
and also statistics, pertaining to them. This has been 
the most laborious and difficult part of the work. 

Questions have been appended to this part, for the 
purpose of extending the study of Geography to these 
subjects, if it should be thought desirable. The author 
has endeavored to be correct throughout, still he is aware 
that errors may be found. 

He acknowledges the aid received from other authors 
in the compilation of this work ; especially from Good- 
rich and Balbi. 

Owing to circumstances, beyond the control of the 
author, maps do not accompany this edition. The Book 
may be conveniently used with any other correct School 
Atlas. 

If the work should go to another edition, it will be 
accompanied with engravings and an Atlas. 

W. W. 


Windham, Oct . 7th, 1842. 


TO TEACHERS. 


It may be found that some of these lessons are too 
long for some members of the class. In such cases they 
may be abridged, by omitting the questions pertaining 
to Chief Towns, Productions, Rail-Roads, and perhaps 
others. 

And to accommodate the work to classes, such as are 
found in summer schools, it might be well to divide the 
lessons ; and even then to omit some of the questions, 
which may be easily done, as these will be found to be 
similar very nearly, in each lesson, in respect to all the 
countries. 

Note. — Some places occasionally, Capitals are not no- 
ticed as such. 

Fez, from its importance as a seat of Mahomedan 
literature and its ancient renown, is noticed as a separate 
State : though properly, it is included in the Empire of 
Morocco. 

m 

In bounding Michigan, after <c juncture of Lakes 
Michigan and Huron,” read and Lake Superior. 

In several instances for “ Bhering,” read Behring. 






r <J. 



























































































































GEOGRAPHY. 


PART I . 

GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 

LESSON I . 

Geography is a description of the earth. 

The eartli is a large globe or sphere. 



It is one of a system of planets, that revolve round 
the Sun, as their centre. 

The parts of the earth are commonly represented on 
plane surfaces called maps. In studying a map, the part 

2 


14 


GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 


toward us is south, the part from us is north, the part at 
the right hand is east, the part at the left hand is west. 



The Axis of the earth is an imaginary line, passing 
through its centre, from north to south, around which it 
turns. 

The Poles are the extremities of the axis. 

The Equator is an imaginary circle, encompassing the 
earth, from east to west, at an equal distance from the 
poles. 



The Tropics are two circles, parallel with the equator, 
and distant from it nearly 231 degrees. That north of 


GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 


15 


the equator is the Tropic of Cancer; that south of it, 
the Tropic of Capricorn. 

The Polar Circles are parallel with the tropics, and at 
the same distance from the poles, that the tropics are 
from the equator. 

The Lines of Latitude are circles round the earth, 
parallel with the equator. 



The Meridian Lines are circles round the earth, cros- 
sing the equator at right angles, and crossing each other 
at the poles. 


MERIDIANS. 



Latitude is distance, reckoned each way from the 
equator, in degrees and minutes. 


16 


GENERAL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 


Longitude is distance, reckoned east or west, from 
some fixed meridian, the principal is Greenwich. 

All circles are divided into 360 equal parts. These 
parts are called degrees. 

Degrees are divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes. 
A Hemisphere is half of the globe. 


1. What is Geography 1 2. What is the Earth 1 

3. Round what do the planets revolve ? 

4. How is the earth’s surface represented ? 

5. Which part of the map is towards you? 

6. Which from you ? 7. Which at the right hand ? 

8. Which at the left hand ! 

9. What is the axis of the earth ? 

10. What are the poles ? 11. What is the equator ? 

12. What are the tropics ? 15. What are the polar circles ? 

14. What are lines of latitude ? 

15. What are meridian lines ? 

16. What is latitude ? 17. What is longitude ? 

1 8. How are all circles divided ? 

19. How are degrees divided ? 

20. What is a hemisphere ? 


QUESTIONS 





ZONES AND HEMISPHERES. 


17 


LESSON II. 

TIIE ZONES AND HEMISPHERES. 

Zones are imaginary belts, surrounding the earth. 
There are five. The Torrid, two Temperate, and two 
Frigid Zones. 

ZONES. 



The Torrid Zone may be styled the red belt , because 
it encircles the hottest parts of the earth. 

The Temperate Zones may be styled the green belts , 
because they encircle the more verdant and fertile parts. 

The Frigid Zones may be styled white belts , or caps , 
because they cover the extreme ends of the earth, whit- 
ened by snow. 

The Torrid Zone encircles the centre of the earth, and 
extends each way from the equator to the tropics. 

The Temperate Zones lie between the tropics and the 
polar circles. 

The Frigid Zones extend from the polar circles to the 
poles. 

The Zones may be bounded also by the sun, as follows : 

The Torrid Zone encircles those parts of the earth 
where the sun is, sometimes in the year vertical, or di- 
rectly over head. 

2 * 


18 


ZONES AND HEMISPHERES. 


The Temperate Zones encircle those parts of the earth 
where the sun is never vertical, nor never hidden. 

The Frigid Zones cover those parts of the earth where 
the sun for a season is hidden, or not seen during the 24 
hours. 


HEMISPHERES. 

The parts of the earth, north of the equator, are cal- 
led the Northern Hemisphere ; the parts south of the 
equator, the Southern Hemisphere. 

The parts including Europe, Asia, Africa, and New 
Holland, by a circle, is called the Eastern Hemisphere. 
The parts, including North and South America, in. the 
same manner, the Western Hemisphere. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What are Zones'? 2. Name them. 

3. What may the Torrid Zone be styled 1 4. Why 1 

5. What may the Temperate Zones be styled ? 6. Why I 

7. What may the Frigid Zones be styled 1 Why ? 

8. Bound the Torrid Zone. 

9. Bound the Temperate Zones. 

10. Bound the Frigid Zones. 

11. How else may the Zones be bounded 1 

12. What parts of the earth does the Torrid Zone encircle * 

13. The two Temperate Zones 1 

14. What parts do the two Frigid Zones cover 1 

15. What the INorthern Hemisphere 1 

16. Where is the Southern Hemisphere'? 

17. What parts of the earth are called the Eastern Hemisphere! 

18. What parts are called the Western Hemisphere'? 

Review the preceding lesson. 


OCEANS. 


19 


LESSON III. 

[The pupil, in preparing the several following lessons, must re- 
iy, principally, on the maps.] 

OCEANS. 

9 

Oceans are the largest surfaces of water on the globe. 

There are five. The Pacific, Atlantic, Southern, In- 
dian, and Arctic. 

The Pacific Ocean lies in the Torrid and Temperate 
Zones — extending from Bhering’s Straits on the north, 
to the Southern Ocean on the south ; and from America 
on the east, to Asia and New Holland on the west. 

The Atlantic Ocean lies also in the Torrid and Tem- 
perate Zones. It extends from the Arctic Ocean on the 
north, to the Southern Ocean on the South ; and from 
Europe and Africa on the cast, to America on the west. 

The Southern Ocean lies in the South Temperate and 
South Frigid Zones. It has a northern boundary only, 
which is the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and 
the Continents of America, Africa, and New Holland. 

The Indian Ocean lies mostly in the Torrid Zone, be- 
tween Asia on the north, and the Southern Ocean on the 
south ; and between New Holland on the east, and Afri- 
ca on the west. 

The Arctic. Ocean lies wholly in the North Frigid 
Zone. It has only a southern boundary. It lies between 
Europe and Asia, in the Eastern Hemisphere, and 
America in the Western ; that is, its southern boundary 
is these continents, with the Atlantic. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What are Oceans'? 2. Name the Oceans on the globe. 

3. In what zones does the Pacific lie 1 

4. Between what Straits and Ocean, north and south 1 

5. Between what continents, east and west 1 

6. In what zones does the Atlantic lie 1 

mt 

7 . Between what waters, north and south ! 

8. Between what continents, east and west ? 


20 


CONTINENTS. 


9. In what zones does the Southern Ocean he 1 

1 0. What boundary has it I 

1 1 . By what is it bounded on the south 1 

12. In what zone does the Indian Ocean mostly lie 1 

13. Between what on the north and south 1 

14. Between what continents on the east and west 1 

15. In what zone does the Arctic Ocean lie ! 

16. It has but one boundary ; what is it! 

17. Between what two continents in the Eastern Hemisphere, and 
what one in the Western , does it lie 1 

Review the two preceding lessons. 




LESSON IV. 

CONTINENTS. 

Continents are the largest surfaces of land on the globe. 
There are six : Europe, Asia, Africa, North America,. 
South America, and New Holland. 

Europe lies in the North Temperate Zone. It is sit- 
uated between the Arctic Ocean on the north, and the 
Mediterranean Sea on the south ; and between Asia on 
the east, and the Atlantic on the west. 

Asia lies also in the North Temperate Zone. It is 
situated between the Arctic Ocean on the north, and the 
Indian Ocean on the south ; and between the Pacific on 
the east, and Europe on the west. 

Africa lies mostly in the Torrid Zone. It is situated 
between the Southern Ocean on the south, and the Med- 
iterranean on the north ; and between the Indian Ocean 
on the east, and the Atlantic on the west. 

North America lies in the North Temperate Zone. It 
is situated between the Arctic Ocean on the north, and 
the Gulph of Mexico on the south ; and between the 
Atlantic on the east, and the Pacific on the west. 


SEAS. 


21 


South America lies in the Torrid and South Temper- 
ate Zones. It is situated between the Carribbean Sea on 
the north, and the Southern Ocean on the south ; and 
between the Atlantic on the east, and the Pacific on the 
west. 

New Holland lies also in the Torrid and South Tem- 
perate Zones. It is situated between the Archipelago 
separating the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, on the 
north, and the Southern Ocean on the south ; and between 
the Pacific Ocean on the east, and the Indian on the west. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What arc continents 1 2. Name the continents on the globe. 

3. In what zone and hemispheres is Europe 1 

4. How is it situated 1 

5. In what zone and hemispheres is Asia? G. How situated 1 

7. In what zones and hemispheres is Africa ? 

8. How is it situated ? 

9. In what zone and hemispheres is North America ? 

10. How is it situated ? 

11. In what zone and hemispheres does South America lie ? 

12. How is it situated ? 

13. In what zones and hemispheres is New Holland ? 

14. How situated ? 

i 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON V. 

TIIE PRINCIPAL SEAS. 

Seas are surfaces of salt water, smaller than oceans. 

The Mediterranean Sea lies between Europe and Afri- 
ca, and is connected with the Atlantic. 

The Arabian Sea lies south of Asia, and projects from 
the Indian Ocean. 


22 


SEAS. 


The Chinese Sea lies south-east of Asia, between the 
Pacific and Indian Oceans. 

The North Sea lies west of Europe, and is connected 
with the Atlantic. 

The Baltic Sea lies in Europe, and is connected with 
the Atlantic. 

The Black Sea lies between Europe and Asia, and is 
connected with the Mediterranean. 

The Red Sea lies between Asia and Africa, and is 
connected with the Indian Ocean. 

The Caspian Sea lies in Asia. It is an inland sea, con- 
nected with no waters. 

The Se^ of Okotsk lies north-east of Asia, and is con- 
nected with the Pacific. 

The Carribbean Sea lies between the West Indies and 
South America ; connected with the Atlantic. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What are seas ? 2. Where does the Mediterranean lie ? 

3. With what ocean connected ? 

4. Where is the Arabian Sea ? 

5. With what ocean connected ? 

6. Where does the Chinese Sea lie ? 

7. What oceans does it connect ? 

8. Where is the North Sea? 9. With what ocean connected P 

10. Where is the Black Sea? 

11. Connected with what other seas ? 

12. Where does the Baltic lie ? 13. Connected with what ocean ? 

14. Where is the Red Sea? 15. With what ocean connected ? 

16. Where is the Caspian Sea ? 

17. Is it connected with other waters? 

18. Where does the Sea of Okotsk lie ? 

19. With what ocean connected ? 

20. Where does the Carribbean Sea lie ? 

21. With what ocean connected ? 

22. In what hemisphere are all the seas on the globe ? 

23. In what zone are they nearly all situated ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


BAYS AND GULPHS. 


23 


LESSON VI. 

THE PRINCIPAL BAYS AND GULPHS. 

Bays or Gulphs are parts of the ocean extending into 
the main land. 

The Gulph of Mexico lies south of the United States, 
and is connected with the Atlantic. 

The Gulph of California lies south-west of Mexico, 
connected with the Pacific. 

The Gulph of St. Lawrence lies east of British Amer- 
ica, and is connected with the Atlantic. 

Hudson’s Bay lies in British America, and is connect- 
ed with the Atlantic. 

Baffin’s Bay lies between Greenland and North Amer- 
ica, connected with the Atlantic. 

The Gulph of Guinea lies south-west of Africa, con- 
nected with the Atlantic. 

The Bay of Biscay lies between France and Spain, 
connected with the Atlantic. 

The Gulph of Bothnia lies between Sweden and Rus- 
sia, connected with the Baltic. 

The Persian Gulph lies between Persia and Arabia, 
and is connected with the Arabian Sea. 

The Bay of Bengal lies south of Asia, connected with 
the Indian Ocean. 


1 . 

2 . 


3. 

4. 

5. 

6 . 


7. 


8 . 


10 . 

12 . 

13. 


QUESTIONS. 

What are gulphs or bays ? 

Where is the Gulph of Mexico ? 

W ith what ocean connected ? 

Where is the Gulph of California ? 

With what ocean connected ? 

Where is the Gulph of St. Lawrence ? 

With what ocean connected ? 

Where is Hudson’s Bay ? 9. With what ocean connected ? 

Where is Baffin’s Bay ? 11, With what ocean connected ? 

Where is the Gulph of Guinea? 

With what ocean connected ? 


24 


STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 


14. Where is the Bay of Biscay ? 

15. With what ocean connected P 

16. Where is the Gulph of Bothnia ? 

17. With what sea connected ? 

18. Where is the Persian Gulph ? 

19. With what sea connected ? 

20. Where is the Bay of Bengal ? 

21. With what ocean connected ? 

22. In what hemisphere are all the gulphs and bays on the globe ? 

23. In what zone are nearly all ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON y I I. 

THE PRINCIPAL STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

Straits are narrow passages of water, connecting larger 
bodies. 

Channels are passages of water, wider than straits. 

The Straits of Gibralter connect the Mediterranean 
Sea with the Atlantic. 

The Mozambique Channel separates Madagascar from 
Africa. 

The Straits of Babelmandel connect the Red Sea with 
the Indian Ocean. 

The Straits of Schagerac and Cattegat connect the Bal- 
tic with the North Sea. 

The Straits of Malacca connect the Chinese Sea with 
the Bay of Bengal. 

The Straits of Dover and the English Channel con- 
nect the North Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. 

Torres Straits connect the Pacific Ocean with the In- 
dian Archipelago. 

The Straits of Magellan connect the Atlantic with the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Bhering’s Straits connect the Pacific Ocean with the 
Arctic. 

Davis’ Straits connect Baffin’s Bay with the Atlantic. 


RIVERS. 


25 


Hudson’s Straits connect Hudson’s Bay with the At- 
lantic. 

Straits of Bcllislc connect the Gulph of St. Lawrence 
with the Atlantic. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. What arc straits ? 2. What arc channels ? 

3. What waters do the Straits of Gibraltar connect ? 

4. What island and continent does the Mozambique channel sep- 
arate ? 5. What waters do the Straits of Babelmandel connect ? 

6. What the Straits Schagerac and Cattcgat ? 

7. What the Straits of Malacca? 

8. The Straits of Dover, and the English Channel ? 

9. What waters do Torres Straits connect ? 

10, Straits of Magellan ? 11. Behring’s Straits ? 

12. Davis’ Straits ? 13. Hudson’s Straits ? 

14. Straits of Bellisle ? 

Review the first four lessons. 


LESSON VIII. 

THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS. 

Rivers are streams of water that flow from the main 
land to the ocean, or other bodies of water. 

The River St. Lawrence flows from the great Lakes, 
north-east, into the Gulph of St. Lawrence. 

Mississippi River rises near Lake Superior, and flows 
south into the Gulph of Mexico. 

The Missouri rises in the Rocky Mountains, and flows 
south-east, into the Mississippi. 

The River Amazon rises in the Andes, and flows east, 
into the Attantic. 

The River La Plata rises in Brazil, and flows south, 
into the Atlantic. 

The River Niger rises in Soudan, and flows south-east, 
into the Gulph of Guinea. 

3 


26 


ISL A.NOS AND PENINSULAS. 


The River Nile rises in the Mountains of the Moon, 
and runs north, into the Mediterranean. 

The River Volga rises in the Ural Mountains, and 
flows south, into the Caspian Sea. 

The River Obi rises in the Altaian Mountains, and 
runs north, into the Arctic Ocean. 

The River Yenisei has the same source, course, and 
termination. 

The River Lena, the same as the Obi and Yenisei. 

The River Indus rises in the Himmaleh Mountains, 
and flows south, into the Arabian Sea. 

The Kian Ku rises near the Sandy Desert, and flows 
east, into the Pacific. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What are rivers ? 2. Where does the River St. Lawrence rise ? 

3. Which way does it flow ? 4. Where does it empty ? 

5. Where does the Mississippi rise, which way does it flow, arrd 
into what does it empty ? 

6. Where does the Missouri rise, which way flow, and into what 
empty r 

7. Amazon ? [the same.] 8. T ell the same of the La Plata. 

9. Niger. 10. Nile. 11. Volga. 12. Obi, Yenisei, and Lena. 

13. Indus. 14, Kian Ku. 

Review the last four lessons. 


LESSON IX. 

ISLANDS AND PENINSULAS. 

Islands are portions of land entirely surrounded by 
water. 

Peninsulas are portions of land almost surrounded by 

water. 


ISLANDS AND PENINSULAS. 


27 


The Island of Madagascar lies in the Indian Ocean, 
near Africa. 

Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea, lie be- 
tween the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and between New 
Holland and Asia. 

The Phillipine Islands lie between the Chinese Sea 
and the Pacific Ocean, near Asia. 

The Japan Islands lie between the Sea of Japan and 
the Pacific, near Asia. 

Nova Zembla lies in the Arctic Ocean, near Europe 
and Asia. 

Iceland lies in the Atlantic, near Greenland. 

Greenland, supposed to be an island, lies between the 
Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, near North America. 

The British Islands lie between the North Sea and the 
Atlantic, near Europe. 

Newfoundland lies between the Gulph of St. Law- 
rence and the Atlantic, near North America. 

The West India Islands lie between the Carribbean 
Sea and the Atlantic, and between North and South 
America. 

New Zealand lies in the Pacific, near New Holland. 

Labrador is a peninsula, between Hudson’s Bay and 
the Atlantic. 

Spain and Portugal are a peninsula, between the At- 
lantic and the Mediterranean. 

Norway and Sweden are a peninsula, between the 
Baltic and the Atlantic. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What are Islands ? 2. What are Peninsulas • 

3. In what ocean and near what continent is Madagascar r 

4. Between what oceans and continents are Sumatra, Borneo, 
Celebes, and New Guiana ? 

5. Between what waters and near what continent are the Phil- 
lipine Islands ? 

6. Tell the same of the Japan Islands. 

7. In what ocean and near what continents is Nova Zembla r 

8. In what ocean and near what land is Iceland ? 

9. Between what oceans and near what continent is Greenland ? 


28 


MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 


10. Between what waters and near what continent are the British 
Islands ? 

11. Repeat the same of Newfoundland. 

12. Between what waters and continents are the West India 
Islands ? 

13. In what ocean and near what continent is New Zealand ? 

14. Between what waters is Labrador ? 

15. Spain and Portugal ? 16. Norway and Sweden ? 

Review the first five lessons. 




LESSON X. 

PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 

Mountains are vast elevations of land. 

Deserts are vast plains of sand. 

The Rocky Mountains are in North America, and run 
parrallel with the Pacific. 

The Alleghany Mountains are in the United States, 
and run parallel with the Atlantic. 

The Andes are in South America, and run parallel 
with the Pacific. 

The Mountains of the Moon are in Central Africa, 
and run parallel with the equator. 

The Alps are in Europe, near the Mediterranean. 

The Ural Mountains are between Europe and Asia. 

The Altaian Mountains lie between China and Siberia. 

The Himmaleh Mountains lie between China and 
Persia. 

The Desert of Sahara lies in Africa, between the Red 
Sea and the Atlantic. 

Sandy Desert and Desert of Shamo lie in the Chinese 
Empire. 

The Arabian Desert lies in Arabia. 


MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 


29 




QUESTIONS. 

1. What are Mountains ? 2. What are Deserts ? 

3. Where are the Rocky Mountains 1 

4. Where the Alleghany 1 Where the Andes 1 

5. Parallel with what Oceans do these Mountains run ? 

6. Tell what you know of the Mountains of the Moon. 

7. Of the Alps ? 

8. Between what Continents are the Ural Mountain 

9. Where are the Altaian Mountains ? 

10. Where the Himmaleh ? 

1 1 . Tell what you know of the Desert of Sahara. 

12. What Deserts in the Chinese Empire ? 

13. Where is the Arabian Desert ? 

Review the last five lessons. 


LESSON XI. 

Review all the preceding lessons. 

3 * 




VJ 





























































































































GEOGRAPHY. 


PART II. 

PARTICULAR VIEW. 

UNITED STATES. 

LESSON XII. 

The United States lie between British America 
on the north, and the Gulph of Mexico on the south ; 
and between the Atlantic on the east, and Mexico and 
the Western Territories on the west. 

Religion— Protestant. 

Capital — Washington. 

Government — Confederated Republic. 

These States declared themselves independent of Great 
Britian in 177G. 

The Federal Constitution was adopted in 1789. 

A Republic is a form of Government where the pow- 
er proceeds directly from the people through their Rep- 
resentatives. 

A Confederacy is the union of several distinct govern- 
ments under one head. 

The separate governments, thus united, may be of the 
same kind, or different kinds ; and united in a single 
point and for a single purpose ; or in many respects and 
for a variety of purposes. 

The Protestant Religion includes all those denomina- 
tions that are distinct from the Roman Catholic Church. 


32 


MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. Where do the United States lie 1 2. What is the Capital ? 

3. What is the religion ? 4. What is the government ? 

5. W'hat took place in 1776 ? 6. What took place in 1789 ? 

7. What is a republic ? 8. What is a Confederacy ? 

9. Must they all be of one form 1 10. How may they be united 

11. What is the Protestant religion ? 

Review the five preceding lessons. 


LESSON XIII. 

[The student is again reminded that he is to obtain the answers, 
when he can, from the Maps.] 

MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

The six following States are called the New England 
States . 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 

MAINE. 

Boundaries. — Maine is bounded north by Canada, 
east by New Brunswick, south by the Atlantic, and west 
by New Hampshire. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — The capital is Augusta. 
It is situated at the head of navigation, on the Kennebec 
river. It is a neat and flourishing place. 

The State House is a beautiful granite edifice. There 
is an Arsenal and Insane Hospital here. Population is 
6 , 000 . 

Portland, on Casco Bay, is a pleasant and beautiful 
city. It has a fine harbor and good commercial advanta- 
ges. The Exchange is said to be the handsomest erec- 
tion in New England. 

Population, 16.000. 


• \> 


MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


33 


Bangor, at the head of navigation on the Penobscot, 
is a growing city. There is a Theological Seminary 
here. The trade perhaps equals that of any other place 
in the State. 

Population, 9,000. 

Religion. — The Congrcgationalists, Baptists, and 
Methodists, have about an equal interest. Free-Will 
Baptists, Universalists, and other sects exist in the State. 

Government. — Republic. This form of government 

exists in all the United States. 

Education and Morals. — The state of these is good. 
Colleges are Bowdoin and Waterville. The common 
school system is established here by law, and affords 
equal advantages to all. 

Productions. — Grain of various kinds, pasturage and 
timbers. 

Rivers .« — Saco, Androscoggin, Kennebec, and Penob- 
scot, are the principal. 

Railroads and Canals .■ — The Eastern Railroad ; the 
Cumberland and Oxford Canal. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Boundaries. — New Hampshire is bounded north by 
Canada, east by Maine, south by Massachusetts, west by 
Vermont. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Concord, on the Merri- 
mack, is the Capital. It is a beautiful village. Has a 
State House, States’ Prison, and other important build- 
ings. 

Population, 4, GOO, 

Portsmouth, on the Piscataqua, has a fine harbor, a 
Navy Yard, a Lunatic Asylum, and a splendid bridge 
connecting it with Maine. 

Population, 9,000. 

Dover, the oldest town in the State, is a large manu- 
facturing place. 

Population, 6,700. 

Religion.— The Calvanistic and Free Will Baptists 


34 


MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


and the Methodists, are somewhat nearly equal : and 
each has about half as many societies as the Congrega- 
tionalists. There are other sects. 

Government. — See Maine. 

Education and Morals. — See Maine. College, Dart- 
mouth. 

Productions. — See Maine. 

Rivers. — Connecticut and Merrimack. 

Mo 1 1 ntains .— W hi te Mountains. 

Railroads and Canals. — There are several Canals 
around the falls of the Merrimack. There are two Rail- 
roads from Dps ton to Maine, that cross this State. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Bound Maine. 2. Mention the Capital and Chief Towns. 

3. What proportion do the Congregationalists bear to the Bap- 
tists and Methodists. ? 

4. What is the government of Me. and each of the United States! 

5. What is the state of Education and Morals ! 

6. What are the Productions ? 7. Rivers ! 

8. Railroad and Canal ? 9. How is New Hampshire bounded P 

10. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

11. What proportion do the Congregationalists bear to the other 
sects ? 

12. What is the Government! 13. Productions ? 

14. Rivers! 15. Mountains! 16. Railroads and Canals ! _ 

Review the first six lessons. 


Massachusetts and Vermont. 


35 


LESSON XIV. 

xMASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT. 

MASSACHUSETT S. 

Boundaries. — Massachusetts is bounded north by N. 
Hampshire and Vermont, east by the Atlantic, south by 
Rhode Island and Connecticut, west by New York. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Boston, the capital, is 
the emporium of New England. It is a rich and beauti- 
ful city. It has an extensive commerce. The State- 
House, Market-House, and several of the Churches and 
Hotels, are elegant buildings. The Common, of nearly 
50 acres, forms a splendid park. 

Population, 85,000. 

Lowell, on the Merrimack, is a large manufacturing 
place. Capital invested, $9,000,000. 

Population, 18,000. 

Salem is a quiet and pleasant city. It has some tine 
buildings ; and, for its size, great wealth. 

Population, 15,000. 

The Eastern Rail Road is tunnelled under a part of 
this city. The work is a great curiosity. Other towns 
of note are Newburyport, Lynn, Plymouth, New-Bed- 
ford, Charlestown, and Worcester. 

Religion . — The Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, and 
Universalists have somewhat nearly an equal number of 
societies. The Congregationalists have about three times 
the number of either. 

Government .~ See Maine. 

Education and Morals. — See Maine. Colleges are 
Cambridge, Amherst, Williams. 

Productions . — See Maine. 

Rivers . — Connecticut and Merrimack. 

Mountains . — The Green Mountains. 

Railroads and Canals . — Middlesex and Blackstone 
Canals. Eastern, Lowell, Providence, and Worcester 
Railroads. 


36 


MASSACHUSETTS AND VERMONT. 


V E R M ONT. 

Boundaries. — Vermont is bounded north by Canada, 
east by N. Hampshire, south by Mass, west by N. York. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Montpelier, on the On- 
ion, is the Capital. It is a romantic village. It has a 
State-House, Court-House, and several factories. 
Population, 2,200. 

Burlington, on lake Champlain, has a fine location, a 
beautiful scenery ; and 4,500 inhabitants. 

Middlebury has a college and several factories. 
Population, 3,800. 

Religion — See New Hampshire ; about the same ratio. 
Government.*— See Maine. 

Education and Morals. — See Maine. Colleges at 
Burlington and Middlebury. 

Productions. — See New Hampshire and Maine. 

River. — Connecticut. 

Mountains. — The Green Mountains. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Massachusetts bounded? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns r 

3. What proportion do the Congregationalists bear to the four 

other Denominations ? 4. What is the Government ? 

5. State of Education and Morals ? 6. Productions ? 

7. Rivers ? 8. Mountains ? 

9. Mention some of the Canals and Railroads. 

10. How is Vermont bounded ? 

1 1. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

12. With what other State does its Religion compare? 

13. What is the Government ? 14. Education and Morals ? 

15. Productions? 16. River? 17. Mountains? 

Review the last five lessons. 


RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 


37 


LESSON XV. 

RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Boundaries. — Rhode Island is bounded north and east 
by Massachusetts, south by Long Island Sound, west by 
Connecticut. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Providence, at the head 
of Naraganset Bay, is the capital. It has a College — 
several elegant buildings — among which is a splendid 
Arcade. Population, 22,000. 

Newport is a place of some business, but is on the 
decline. Population, 8,000. 

Bristol has some trade, and a population of 3,000. 

Religion. — The Baptists, Congregationalists, Metho- 
dists and Episcopalians have about an equal number of 
Ministers and nearly an equal interest. 

Government. — See Maine. 

Education and Morals. — See Maine. Brown Uni- 
versity is at Providence. 

Productions. — See Maine. 

Canals and Rail Blacks tone Canal. The 

Providence and Boston, and Providence and Stonington 
Rail Roads. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Boundaries. — Connecticut is bounded north by Mas- 
sachueetts, east by Rhode Island, south by Long Island 
Sound, west by New York. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Hartford and New Ha- 
ven are, alternately, the capitals. 

Hartford, on the Connecticut, has a College — an Asy- 
lum for the deaf and dumb — one for the insane — and sev- 
eral Factories. Trade large— population, 11,000. 

New Haven is a beautiful city — has a good trade — and 
is the seat of Yale College, Population, 12,000. 


4 




38 


RHODE ISLAND AND CONNECTICUT. 


New London is a place of considerable interest and 
trade. Population, 4,600. 

Religion.'— The Congregationaiists nearly equal all 
the other denominations. 

Government . — See Maine. 

Education and Morals. — See Maine. Yale College, 
Washington College, Wesleyan University. 

Productions. — See Maine. 

River. — Connecticut. 

Canals and Rail Roads. — Farmington Canal- — Nor- 
wich, and the Hartford and New Haven Rail Roads. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Rhode Island bounded 1 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. What proportion do the different religious sects bear to each 

other ! 4. What is the Government ? 

5. State of Education and Morals I 6. Productions 

7. What Canal and Railroads ? 

8. How is Connecticut bounded ? 

9. What are the Capitals and Chief Towns 1 

10. What proportion do the Congregationaiists bear to all the oth- 
er sects 1 11. What is the Government ? 

12. What is the state of Education and Morals 1 

13. What are the Productions'? 14. What River ? 

15. What Canal and Railroads ? 

Review from the fourth to the tenth lessons. 


NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 


39 


LESSON XVI. 

The five following States, are called Middle States : — 
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and 
Maryland. 


NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 

NEW YORK. 

Boundaries. — New York is bounded northwest by 
Lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence, separating it 
from Canada ; south by Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 
east by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Albany, on the Hudson, 
is the capital. It is a place of much wealth and trade ; 
has several fine buildings, and a population of 30,000. 

New York is the first city in America, for size, wealth 
and trade. The City Hall, Exchange, Custom House, 
and University, are splendid buildings. Many of the 
churches and hotels are elegant. The water- works, just 
completed, add great interest and convenience to the 
place. It has two Colleges and two Theological Semi- 
naries. Population, 310,000. 

Troy lias a population of 20,000, and an extensive 
trade. West Point, Hudson, Schenectady, Buffalo, 
Rochester, and Auburn, are places of note. 

Religion. — The Presbyterians, of all forms, number 
nearly as many members as all the other sects. There 
are Catholics, Christians, Friends, and Universalists. 

Government . — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See New England. Com- 
mon school system and village schools prevail here. 
New York University, Columbia, Union, and Hamilton 
Colleges, are the principal public institutions. 

Productions . — Wheat is the staple — other grains, 
hemp, flax, &c. are raised. 

Rivers. — St. Lawrence and the Hudson are the prin- 
cipal. 


40 


NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 


Canals and Railroads . — Erie and Chenango are the 
longest canals in the country. Railroads, Long Island, 
and Utica. 


NEW JERSEY. 

Boundaries. — New Jersey is bounded north by New 
York, east by the Atlantic, south by Delaware Ray, west 
by Pennsylvania. 

Capital and Chief Towns.— Trenton, on the Dela- 
ware, is the Capital. It has a State House and several 
handsome buildings. Population, 4,200. 

Newark is a manufacturing town, and has 22,000 in- 
habitants. 

Paterson is a flourishing manufacturing place. Popu- 
lation, 13,000. 

Religion.— The Presbyterians, of all forms, number 
about as many as all the other sects. See N. York. 

Government. — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See New York, for the gen- 
eral state of education and morals. Colleges, Nassau 
Hall, Rutger’s College. 

Productions. — Same as New York. 

Rivers.— Delaware and Hudson. 

Canals and Railroads. — The Morris and the Delaware 
Canals. The Campden and New Jersey Railroads are 
the principal. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is TSiew York bounded ] 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns l 

3. What proportion do the Presbyterians bear to all other sects ? 

4. What is the government? 

5. What is the State of Education and Morals ! 

6. What are the productions 1 7. Rivers ] 

8. Mention some of the Canals and Railroads. 

9. How is New Jersey bounded] 

10. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 


DELAWARE AND MARYLAND. 


41 


1 1. How do the Religious sects compare with New York ? 

12. What is the Government ? 13. Education and Morals ? 

14. Productions? 15. Rivers? 16. Canals and Railroads ? 

Review from the seventh lesson to Part II. 


LESSON X Y I 1 . 

DELAWARE AND MARYLAND. 

DELAWARE. 

Boundaries. — Delaware is bounded north by Pennsyl- 
vania, east by the Bay and Ocean, south and west by 
Maryland. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Dover is the Capital. 
It is a neat, regular, thrifty village. Population, 1,500. 

Wilmington is a place of some trade. Its location is 
pleasant. Its plan good. Population, 10,000. 

New Castle was once the Capital. 

Religion. — The Methodists exceed either of the oth- 
er sects by about one half. 

Government . — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See New England — not 
quite as good. Newark College. 

Productions. — See New A r ork. 

Canals and Railroads. — Chespeak and Delaware Ca- 
nal. The New C astle Railroad. 

MARYLAND. 

7iuwncZariC5.~Maryland is bounded north by Penn- 
sylvania, east by Delaware and the ocean, south-west by 
Virginia. 


4 * 


42 


DELAWARE AND MARYLAND, 


Capital and Chief Towns — Anapolis, on the Ches- 
peake, is the Capital. Population, 3,100. 

Baltimore is noted for its monuments, commerce, ca- 
thedral, trade, beauty, and thrift. Population, 103,000. 

Fredrick city has 6,200 inhabitants. 

Religion.— The Roman Catholics— by whom the 
State was first settled — and the Episcopalians are about 
equal. The Presbyterians and Baptists are nearly equal 
also. The two latter are about half as numerous as the 
two former. Also, Methodists and other sects. 

Government. — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — These are more defective 
than in mo&t of the Middle States. Slavery is tolerated 
here. This must, of course, bring ignorance and vice 
with it. 

i 

Productions. — See New York. Some cotton is raised. 

River. — Potomac. Bay, Chesapeake. 

Railroads and Canals. — Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 
The Baltimore and Ohio, and the Philadelphia and Bal- 
timore Railroads. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Delaware bounded ? 

2. Give the Capital and Chief Towns. 

3. By how much do the Methodists exceed all other sects ? 

4. What is the Government 1 5. Education and Morals ? 

6. What are the Productions ? 

7. Mention some of the Railroads and Canals. 

8. How is Maryland bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

10. Mention the proportion in the Religious sects. 

11. What is the Government ? 

12. State of Education and Morals ? 

13. What are the Productions ? 14. River? 15. Bay? 

16. Railroads and Canals ? 

Review the first three lessons in Part II. 


PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO. 


43 


LESSON XVIII. 

PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Boundaries . — Pennsylvania is bounded north by New 
York, east by New Jersey, south by Maryland and 
Virginia, west by Virginia and Ohio. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Harrisburg is the Capi- 
tal. Its plan is regular. The scenery around romantic. 
Population, 5,200. 

Philadelphia is a large and elegant city. The streets, 
crossing each other at right angles, are beautiful. It has 
an extensive commerce. The public buildings are the 
Girard College, U. S. Bank, Asylum, Exchange. The 
water-works are a great curiosity. They cost $500,000. 
Population, 205,000. 

Pittsburg is an extensive manufacturing place. Popu- 
lation, 45,000. 

Religion. — The Presbyterians, of various kinds and 
reforms, number nearly as many ministers and members 
as all other sects in the State. There are many Friends 
in this State. Also, Unitarians, Catholics, and Univer- 
salists. 

« 

Government. — See New England States. 

Education and Morals, — On an average with the 
whole country. Common school system does not pre- 
vail here. The principal Colleges are the University of 
Pennsylvania, Dickinson and Jefferson Colleges. 

Product ions. See New York. 

Rivers. — Delaware and Susquehanna. 

Mountains. — Alleghany. 

Railroads and Canals. — The Grand Trunk and Sus- 
quehanna, form a part of a series of State Works, of 
railroads and canals, uniting the waters of the Atlantic 
with the Ohio. The Pennsylvania canal and railroad 
extends 200 miles. 


44 


PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO. 


The eight following States are called Western Stales- 
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, 
Tennesee, Arkansas. 


OHIO. 

Boundaries. — Ohio is bounded north by Michigan 
and Lake Erie, east by Pennsylvania and Virginia, south 
by Kentucky, separated by the Ohio River, and west by 
Indiana. 

Capital and Chief Towns.' — Columbus is the Capital. 
It occupies a r pleasant site. It has a Penitentiary, an 
Asylum for thAdeaf and dumb, and a Lunatic Hospital. 
Population, 5,000. 

Cincinnati, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing city. 
Its plan is regular, growth rapid, trade extensive. Pop- 
ulation, 42,000. 

Zanesville is a manufacturing place. Pop. 4,000. 
Factories in this State are worked mostly by steam. 

Religion.- — The Presbyterians, of all classes, number 
as many ministers as all other sects. See New York. 
There are Catholics, Universalists, and Unitarians. 

Government .— See New England States. 

Education and Morals . — On an average. See Penn- 
sylvania. There are Universities at Athens and Oxford. 
Western Reserve, Kenyan, and Franklin Colleges. 

Productions. — Same substantially as in the Middle 
States, except that maize, instead of wheat, is the staple 
product. Pork is also raised in large quantities. 

River. — Ohio. 

Canals and Railroads. — Grand and Miami, and Wa- 
bash Canals. The Mud-river Railroad. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Pennsylvania bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns'! 

3. What proportion do the Presbyterians bear to all other sects 1 

4. What is the Government 1 


MICHIGAN AND INDIANA. 


45 


5. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

G. What are the Productions ? 7. Rivers 1 8. Mountains ? 

9. Mention some of the Canals and Railroads. 

10. Plow is Ohio bounded ? 

1 1. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

12. How do the Religious sects compare with those of Penn. ? 

1 3 . What is the Government ? 

14. Plow docs the state of Education and Morals compare with 
that of Pennsylvania and New York ? 

15. In what do the Productions dilfer from those of Pennsylvania ? 

16. What River? 

17. Mention some of the Canals and Railroads. 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XIX. 

MICHIGAN AND INDIANA. 

M I C II I GAN. 

Boundaries. — Michigan is bounded north by the junc- 
ture of Lakes Michigan and Huron, east by Huron and 
Erie, south by Ohio and Indiana, west by Lake Mich. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Detroit is the Capital. 
The streets are regular. Some of its edifices, beautiful. 
Trade increasing. Population, 12,000. 

Monroe city is a thriving place. 

Religion.' — Not very different from Ohio. 

Government. — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — University of Michigan, at 
Ann Harbor. See Ohio generally. 

Productions. — See Ohio. 

Rivers. — There are none of note. 

Railroads and Canals. — Five millions are to be ex- 
pended in these works. 


46 


MICHIGAN AND INDIANA. 


INDIANA. 

Boundaries. — Indiana is bounded north by Michigan 
and Lake Michigan, east by Ohio, south by Kentucky, 
west by Illinois. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Indianapolis is the Capi- 
tal. It is a thrifty, business place. Population, 3,300. 

Vincennes, once the seat of Government, is beautiful- 
ly situated, and has 2,300 inhabitants. 

New Albany is a place where steam-boat building is 
carried on. Population, 4,400. 

Religion. — Baptists and Methodists nearly equal. 
The Presbyterians are less than half as numerous as ei- 
ther. There are Catholics, Episcopalians, and Friends. 

Government. — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See Ohio. Colleges are 
Indiana, South Hanover, and Wabash. 

Productions . — See Ohio. 

Rivers. — Ohio and Wabash. 

Canals and Railroads. — Wabash and Erie and the 
Central Canals. Railroads, Madison and Lafayette. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Michigan bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. How do the Religious sects compare with those of Ohio ? 

4. What is the Government ? 

5. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

6. What respecting Canals, &c. 

7. How is Indiana bounded ? 

8. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

9. What proportion exists in Religious sects ? 

10. What is the government ? 

11. What of Education and Morals ? 

12. W hat are the Productions ? 

13. What are the Rivers ? 14. Canals and Railroads ? 

Review from the twelvth to the eighteenth lesson. 


ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI. 


47 


LESSON XX. 

ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI. 

ILLINOIS. 

Boundaries. — Illinois is bounded north by Wisconsin, 
east by Indiana, south by Kentucky, and west by Mis- 
souri and Iowa, separated by the Mississippi river. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Springfield is now the 
Capital. It is a busy and beautiful town, upon the mar- 
gin of an extensive prarie. Pop. 3,300. 

Alton has an extensive trade, and is a growing city. 
It has a College and Theological Seminary. Popula- 
tion, 2,200. 

Chicago is the principal depot for imported merchan- 
dize. Pop. 4,300. 

Religion * — The Methodists are nearly twice as numer- 
ous as tbe Baptists, and the Baptists double the number 
of the Presbyterians of all classes. There are Episco- 
palians, Friends, and Catholics. 

Government . — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — -See Ohio. 'There is no 
school system in the State. The colleges are Illinois 
and ShurtlefF. 

Productions . — See Ohio in general. 

Rivers. — Ohio and Mississippi. 

Canals and Railroads. — The Michigan Canal. Cen- 
tral and the South-Cross Railroads. 

MISSOURI. 

Boundaries. — Missouri is bounded north by Iowa, 
east by Illinois, south by Arkansas, west by Missouri 
Territory. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Jefferson city is the 
Capital. It is a pleasant and growing place. 

St. Louis is the emporium for all the upper Mississip- 


48 


ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI. 


pi. It has large manufacturing interests, and many fine 
buildings. Pop. 20,000. 

St. Charles is a fine busy place, with 2,400 inhabitants. 
Religion . — See Indiana in general. 

Government.— See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See Ohio. No school sys- 
tem. There is a University at St. Louis. St. Mary’s 
College is at Perry. 

Productions. — See Ohio. Some cotton and tobacco 

are raised here. 

Rivers. — Missouri and Mississippi. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is Illinois bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

3. What proportion between the Religious sects ? 

4. What is the Government ? 

5. Education and Morals similar to what state ! 

6. Productions similar to what state 1 

7. What are the Rivers ? 8. Canals and Railroads ? 

9. How is Missouri bounded 1 

10. What is the Capital and Chief Towns I 

1 1 . What is said of the Religious sects 1 

12. What of the Government 1 

13. What of the state of Education and Morals 1 

14. What of the Productions ? 16. What of the Rivers 1 

Review the lour preceding lessons. 


ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY. 49 


LESSON XXI. 

ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY. 

ARKANSAS. 

Boundaries . — Arkansas is bounded north by Missouri, 
east by Tennessee and Mississippi, south by Lousiana, 
west by the Indian Territory. 

Capital and Chief Towns .—* Little Rock, on the Ar- 
kansas, is the Capital. Its location is healthy and pleas- 
ant. Pop. 2,000. 

Arkansas and Batesville are the principal towns. 

Religion. — Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, and 
other sects. 

Government . — See New England States. 

Education and Morals .*—* See Missouri. 

Productions.*— Same as those of Missouri. 

Rivers . — Mississippi and Arkansas. 

TENNESSEE. 

Boundaries . — Tennessee is bounded north by Ken- 
tucky, east by North Carolina, south by Georgia, Ala- 
bama, and Mississippi, west by Arkansas, separated by 
the Mississippi. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Nashville city, on the 
Cumberland, is the seat of government. Its location is 
fine. The houses are neat, and the public buildings 
splendid. It has a large trade and a population of 8,500. 

Knoxville has some trade, and 2,200 inhabitants. 

Memphis compares in these respects with Knoxville. 

Religion . — The Methodists and Baptists are some- 
what nearly equal, and the Presbyterians about half as 
numerous as either. 

Government .— See New England States. 

Education and Morals . — See Missouri. They are 

/ 

5 


50 ARKANSAS, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY. 


perhaps better. University at Nashville ; Greenville, 
Washington, and East Tennessee Colleges. 

Productions.*— See Missouri. 

divers.— Mississippi, Cumberland, and Tennessee. 

KENTUCKY. 

Boundaries. ^—Kentucky is bounded north by Ohio, 
Indiana, and Illinois, separated by the Ohio river ; east 
by Virginia, south by Tennessee, west by Missouri, sep- 
arated by the Mississippi river. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Frankfort is the Capital. 
It is located in a deep valley. Its public buildings are 
a marble State House, and a State Penitentiary. Popu- 
lation, 2,200. 

Louisville, on the Ohio, is a large manufacturing and 
commercial city. Business transactions, $30,000,000 
annually. Pop. 20,000. 

Lexington is the oldest town in the State. Its loca- 
tion is beautiful. The streets are regular and spacious. 
The buildings elegant. A University and Asylum are 
here. Pop. 4,600. 

Religion. — See Tennessee, for the proportion. There 
are also Episcopalians and Catholics. 

Government . — See New England States. 

Education and Morals. — See Ohio, and Western 
States generally. Transylvania University is at Lexing- 
ton. The Colleges are Central, Cumberland, and St. 
Joseph’s. 

Productions.— See Missouri. 

9 

Rivers.— Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee. 

Canals and Railroads.— The, Louisville and Portland 
Canal. Lexington and Ohio Railroad. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is Arkansas bounded 1 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. What proportion between the Religious sects ? 

4. What is the Government 1 


VIRGINIA AND N. CAROLINA. 


51 


5. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

6. What are the Productions ? 7. What are the Rivers 1 

8. How is Tennessee bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

10. What proportion between the Religious sects ? 

11. What is the Government? 

12. Education and Morals? 13. The Productions ? 

14. What are the Rivers? 15. How is Kentucky bounded ? 

16. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

17. What proportion between the Religious sects ? 

18. What is the Government ? 

19. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

20. What are the Productions ? 21. What the Rivers 1 

22. Mention the Canals and Railroads. 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Maine. 

[Let the Scholar answer each question relating to Maine.] 

2. The next — Tell what you know of New Hampshire. 

3. Next — Tell what you know of Vermont. 

4. Massachusetts. — 5. Rhode Island. — 6. Connecticut. 

7. New York. — 8. New Jersey. — 9. Pennsylvania. 

10. Delaware.— 11. Maryland. 


LESSON XXII. 

The ’ seven following States are called the Southern 
States . Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. 

VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. 

VIRGINIA. 

Boundaries .'— Virginia is bounded north by Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, east by Maryland and Chespeake Bay, 
south by North Carolina, west by Kentucky and Ohio. 


52 


VIRGINIA AND N. CAROLINA. 


Capital and Chief Towns. — Richmond, on the James 5 
river, is the Capital. It has a fine and picturesque ap- 
pearance. Most of the houses are of brick, and are el- 
egant. The public buildings are the Capitol, City Hall, 
State Prison, and State Armory. The trade is extensive. 
Pop. 20,000, 

Norfolk is a place of some note, but is now rather on 
the decline. Many of the streets are thoroughly paved 
and neat. Here are a Theatre, Athenaeum, and Marine 
Hospital. Pop. 10,000. 

Petersburg is a handsome and thriving place, with con* 
siderable trade. Pop. 10,000. 

Religion.— The Presbyterians, of all kinds, and the 
Methodists are somewhat equal. Each of them more 
than doubles the Episcopalians ; but each is a third part 
less numerous than the Baptists. The Lutherans, Cath- 
olics, and Friends, are found here in still fewer numbers. 

Government.— Like that of the other States. 

Education and Morals.— See Maryland. Colleges, 
William’s and Mary’s, Hampden, Sydney, and the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, are the principal. 

Productions. — See Maryland and Tennessee. 

Rivers . — Potomac and James. 

Mountains. — Alleghany. 

Canals and Railroads . — Dismal Swamp Canal, and 
the Richmond and Potomac Railroad. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries.— North Carolina is bounded north by 
Virginia, east by Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds and 
the Atlantic, south by South Carolina, west by Tenn. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Raleigh, on the Neuse, 
is the seat of government. The Capitol is a beautiful 
granite structure. The town is regular and handsome, 
but not flourishing. Pop. 2,000. 

Newburn, on the Neuse, is the largest town in the 
State. It is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 4,200. 


VIRGINIA AND N. CAROLINA. 


53 


Wilmington has a large commerce, but a bad harbor. 
Pop. 4,000. 

Religion.*—' The Methodists and Baptists are nearly 
equal. The Presbyterians, of all kinds, are about half 
as numerous as either. There are Episcopalians, Lu- 
therans, Moravians, and Catholics. 

Government.— Republic. See other States. 

Education and Morals . — See Maryland. No estab- 
lished school system. Slavery exists in this and all the 
other Southern States. This is a system which must 
necessarily have a blighting influence upon religion, ed- 
ucation, morals, and every other valuable interest. Uni- 
versity of North Carolina and Davidson’s Colleges. 

Productions . — Cotton, rice, hemp, tobacco, and grain. 

Rivers. — Roanoke and Neuse. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Virginia bounded? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns 1 

3. What proportion exists between the Religious sects ? 

4. What is the government ? 

5. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

6. What are the Productions 1 7. Rivers! 8. Mountains? 

9. Canals, &c. 10. How is North Carolina bounded ? 

11. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

12. What proportion among the Religious sects ? 

13. What is the Government ? 

14. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

15. What effect has Slavery upon every valuable interest ? 

16. What are the productions ? 17. Rivers ? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Michigan. — 2. Ohio. 

3. Indiana. — 4. Illinois. — 5. Missouri. — 6. Arkansas. 

7. Tennessee. — 8. Kentucky. 


5 * 


54 


S. CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 


LESSON XXIII. 

SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Boundaries . — South Carolina is bounded north-east 
by North Carolina, south-east by the Atlantic, south- 
west by Georgia. 

Capital and Chief Towns.— Columbia is the seat of 
government. It occupies an elevated plain. It has a 
college and 4,000 inhabitants. 

Charleston, once the seat of government, is a large 
commercial city. It is regularly built. Its view from 
the water is fine. Principal edifices are the Orphan Asy- 
lum, Circular Church, City Hall, and the Exchange. 
Pop. 40,000. 

Georgetown has considerable commerce, and a popu- 
lation of 2,000. 

Religion. — The Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyteri- 
ans are somewhat nearly equal. The Episcopalians are 
about half as numerous as either. There are Lutherans, 
Catholics, and Friends. 

Government. — See the rest of the States. 

Education and Morals. — See N. Carolina. Colleges 
at Charleston and Columbia. 

Productions. — See North Carolina. 

Rivers. — Santee and Pedee are the principal. 

Canals and Railroads. — Santee, and the Wateree Ca- 
nals. Charleston and Augusta, Charleston and Cincin- 
nati Railroads. 


GEORGIA. 

Boundaries . — Georgia is bounded north by Tennes- 
see, east by S. Carolina and the ocean, south by Flori- 
da, and west by Alabama. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Milledgeviile is the seat 


S. CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 


55 


of government. It has some trade, a Capitol, Prison, 
Arsenal, &c. Pop. 2,600. 

Savannah, the largest city in the State, is situated on 
the Savannah river. It has an elevated and beautiful lo- 
cation. The streets and squares are spacious. The 
buildings splendid. It has a Theatre, Exchange, City 
Hall, Hospital, &c. The trade is considerable. Popu- 
lation, 13,000. 

Augusta, above the Savannah, corresponds with Sa- 
vannah in most respects. Pop. 8,000. 

Religion . — Baptist and Methodists are somewhat 
nearly equal. There are Presbyterians, Episcopalians, 
Catholics, Friends, &c. 

Government. — Same as in the rest of the States. 

Education and Morals. — See North Carolina. The 
University of Georgia is at Athens. No school system 
prevails here. 

Productions. — See South Carolina. 

Rivers.'— Savannah and Altamaha are the principal. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is South Carolina bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

3. What is said of the Religious sects ? 

4. What is the state of Education and Morals 1 

5. What is the Government ? 6. Productions ? 

7. Rivers 1 8. How is Georgia bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

10. What proportion among the Religious sects ? 

11. What is the government ? 

12. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

13. What are the Productions ? 14. Rivers? 

15. Canals, &c. ? 

Review the first six lessons. 


56 ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA. 


LESSON XXIV. 

ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND LOUISIANA. 

ALABAMA. 

Boundaries . — Alabama is bounded north by Tennes- 
see, east by Georgia, south by Florida and the Gulph, 
west by Mississippi. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Tuscaloosa is the Capi- 
tal. Its advantages and prospects for trade are promis- 
ing. Pop. 2,000. 

Mobile is the principal town in the State. It is an un- 
healthy but growing city. It is the chief cotton mart of 
the south. Pop. 10,000. 

Montgomery is a thriving place. Pop. 3,000. 

Religion. — The Baptists and Methodists are nearly 
equal. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Catholics are 
also numerous. 

Government . — Republic. See other States. 

Education and Morals. — See North Carolina. No 
school system. There is a University at Tuscaloosa. 
There are other Colleges in the State. 

Productions.— See N. Carolina. Some sugar is pro- 
duced here. 

Rivers. — Tombecbee and Alabama. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Boundaries. — Mississippi is bounded north by Ten- 
nessee, east by Alabama, south by the Gulph and Louis- 
iana, west by the Mississippi river, separating it from 
Louisiana. 

Capital and Chief Towns.' — Jackson, on the Pearl 
river, is the Capital. Its situation is central, healthy, 
and pleasant. Public buildings are the Capitol and Pen- 
itentiary. Pop. 1,600. 

Natchez, on the Mississippi, is the largest town in the 
State. The streets are spacious, and the buildings beau- 


ALABAMA, MISSISSIPI, AND LOUISIANA. 57 

tiful. It has lately been partly destroyed by a tornado. 
Pop. 10,000. 

Vicksburg has had a rapid growth, and has a very pic- 
turesque scenery — trade increasing. Pop. 4,000. 

Religion.—* Methodists are somewhat nearly double 
the Baptists. There are Presbyterians, Episcopalians, 
and Catholics. 

Government.^ Republic. See other States. 

Education and Morals. — See N. Carolina. There is 
no common school system in the Southern States. Jef- 
ferson, Oakland, and Mississippi Colleges are in a pros- 
perous condition. 

Productions. — See Alabama. 

Rivers. — Mississippi and Pearl. 

LOUISIANA. 

Boundaries. — Louisiana is bounded north by Arkan- 
sas, east by Mississippi and the Mississippi river, south 
by the Gulph of Mexico, west by Texas. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. — New Orleans is the Cap- 
ital, and the commercial emporium of all the western 
country. The streets compare with those of Philadel- 
phia. Various nations and languages are found here. 
The grand Cathedral, City Hall, Custom House, and 
Exchange, are the principal edifices. Its location and 
climate are unhealthy. Pop. 85,000. 

Alexandria is a place of some business. Pop. 1,600. 

Nachitoches is made up of a mixture of several na- 
tions. It is a place of fashion, and has some trade. Pop. 
3, GOO. 

Religion. — Catholics are the prevailing sect. Other 
denominations abound.. 

Government . — Same as in the other States. 

Education and Morals. — See Southern States in gen- 
eral. The Colleges are Louisiana, Jefferson, and Frank- 
lin. 

Productions. — See Southern States. 

Rivers . — Mississippi and Red. 


58 


TERRITORIES. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Alabama bounded ? 2. What is the Capital, &c. 1 

3. What of the Religious sects ? 4. What is the Government ? 

5. What is the State of Education and Morals 1 

6. Productions ] 7. Rivers 1 

Ask the same questions concerning Mississippi and Louisana. 
Review the remainder of Part I. 



LESSON XXV. 

THE TERRITORIES. 

The territories are districts of country, under the pro- 
tection and government of the United States. 

FLORIDA. 

Florida is mostly a peninsula, lying between the Gulph 
of Mexico and the Atlantic. The Capital is Tallahas- 
see. It has a healthy and commanding location. St. 
Augustine, on the Atlantic, is well built, and abounds in 
gardens. Pop. 2,000. 

Pensacola is a healthy and thriving place. Pop. 3,000. 

Government is dependent on the United States. The 
Governor is appointed by the General Government. 

For the state of Religion , Education , Morals , and 
Productions , see the Southern States in general. [The 
pupil, for a specific answer, may refer to Alabama.] 
Florida has been the scene of protracted wars with the 
Indians. 


TERRITORIES. 


59 


INDIAN TERRITORY. 

This is a region of country assigned by Government 
to the various tribes of Indians that have been removed, 
at several times, from the Southern States. This territo- 
ry lies west of Arkansas and Missouri, and between the 
Red and Platte rivers. The tribes of Indians inhabiting 
this territory are the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Greeks, 
Cherokees, Senecas, Shawnees, Quapaws, Osages, &c. 
Many of these are native tribes. Some progress has 
been made toward their civilization. There are several 
missionary stations and trading posts in this territory. 

MISSOURI TERRITORY. 

This territory is mostly included between the Indian 
Territory and Missouri river. It abounds in rivers, 
mountains, and native tribes of Indians. They subsist 
upon fishing and hunting. They are in an uncivilized 
state. They shun intercourse with the whites. 

QUESTIONS. 

I. What are Territories ? 2. Where does Florida lie 

3. What is the Capital, &c. ? 4. Government ? 

5. What can you say of the state of Religion, Education and 
Morals ? 6. Where is the Indian Territory ? 

7. To whom is this Territory assigned ? 

8 Mention some of the tribes that inhabit it. 

9 . What can you say of them ? 

10. Where is Missouri Territory ? 

11. By whom is it inhabited ? 12. Upon what do they subsist? 

13. What else is said of them? 

Review . — 1 Tell what you know of Maryland. 2 Virginia. 

3. N. Carolina. 4 S. Carolina. 5 Georgia. 6 Alabama. 

7. Mississippi. 8 Louisiana. 9 Michigan. 


60 


TERRITORIES. 


LESSON XXYI. 

OREGON TERRITORY. 

Oregon Territory lies between the Rocky mountains 
and the Pacific. It is inhabited by various tribes of In- 
dians, for the most part in an uncultivated and heathen 
state. Here are several important trading posts. The 
traffic is principally in fur. Astoria is the chief town. 
The principal river is the Columbia river. 

IOWA TERRITORY. 

This territory lies between the Mississippi and Mis- 
souri rivers. Like all the territories, it is subject to the 
United States. 

The Capital is Iowa city. Principal towns are Du- 
buque and Burlington. It is inhabited mostly by Indians. 

WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 

Wisconsin Territory lies between Lakes Michigan 
and Superior and the Mississippi river. The Capital is 
Madison. The chief town, Milwaukee. These latter 
territories are very rapidly settling, by immigrants from 
the United States and foreign countries. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where is the Oregon Territory ? 

2. By whom is it Inhabited ? 

3. What is their condition I 

4. What article of traffic ? 5 What is the chief town ? 

6. River ? 7 Where is Iowa 1 8 Capital, &c. I 

9. By whom inhabited? 10 Where is Wisconsin ! 

11. Capital and Chief Town? 

12 What is said of these Territories 1 
Review — 1 How is the United States bounded 1 

2. What Lakes and Gulphs and Sounds do you think of ? 

3. Mention all the rivers you think of. 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


61 


4. Mention the productions of the New England States. 

5. Of the Western and Middle States. 

6. Of the Southern or Slave States. 

7. Mention the Capital of each stale. 

8. The government of each state. 

9. The state of education generally in New England, and the 
Middle states. 10. Of the Western States. 

11. Of the Southern States. 12. Of the Territories, 


LESSON XXVII. 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

This region of country lies generally between the 
United States and the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. — 
It is a region of Lakes, Bays and Rivers. It is subject 
to the crown of England. 

CANADA. 

Canada is the part of this territory that lies* next to 
the United States. 'The Capital is Kingston. It is well 
built, on the margin of Lake Ontario, and has 5,000 in- 
habitants. 

Montreal, on the St. Lawrence, is a place of great 
trade. The Grand Cathedral here is a splendid temple. 
It covers about an acre of ground. Pop. 40,000. 

Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, has 30,000 inhabitants. 

Religion. — The Catholics are about four times as nu- 
merous as the Protestants. 

Government. — A dependency on Great Britian. 

Education and JHorals. — Both are neglected here to 
a great extent. All the schools they have are supported 
by the crown. The Catholics have several Colleges and 
Seminaries. 


6 


62 


BRITISH AMERICA. 


Productions . — See New England, except that corn is 
not raised here. 

River. — The St. Lawrence. 

This country is nearly half surrounded by the Great 
Lakes. 


NEW BRUNSWICK. 

New Brunswick lies between the river and gulph of 
St. Lawrence, and Maine. 

Towns. >— -St. Johns is the principal. It has 12,000 
inhabitants. 

Fredericton, 1 <,New Castle, and St. Andrews, are con- 
siderable places. 

Religion. ~ See Canada. 

Government . — See Canada. 

Education and Morals. — See Canada. 

Productions. — See Maine. 

River. — St. Johns. • 

NOVA SCOTIA. 

Nova Scotia lies between the Bay of Fundy and the 
Atlantic. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Halifax, the Capital, has 
a fine and capacious harbor. It is well built, with wide 
and straight streets, and has several important buildings. 
Pop. 10,000. 

The other places of importance are Lunenburg and 
Liverpool. 

For Religion, Government, Education and Morals, 
and Productions, see Canada. 

NEWFOUNDLAND . 

» 

Newfoundland lies between the Gulph of St. Law- 
rence and the Atlantic. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — St. Johns, the Capital, 


NEW BRITAIN. 


63 


has a fine harbor, but the streets and houses are irregu- 
lar and mean. 

Religion, Government, Education and Productions, — 
see Canada. 

The occupation of the inhabitants is fishing ; for 
which, the Grand Banks, near the coast, afford a fine 
opportunity. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. Where does British America lie ? 

2. With what does it abound ? 

3. To what crown is it subject 1 4. Where is Canada ? 

5. What is the Capital and chief towns 7 

6. What proportion do the Catholics bear to the Protestants ? 

7. What is the government ? 

8. What is the state of education and morals 7 9. What river ? 

10. By what is this country partly surrounded ? 

IX. Name them. 12. Where is New Brunswick 7 
13. Chief towns 7 14. What is the religion 7 

15. Government, state of education and morals ? 

16 . Productions 7 17. Rivers! 

18. Where is Nova Scotia ? 19. What are the chief towns P 

20. In what respects is it similar to New Brunswick ? 

21. Where is Newfoundland ? 22. What is the capital ] 

23. In what respects does it resemble Canada and Nova Scotia 7 

24. What is the business of the inhabitants ? 

25. What Banks near ? 26. For what are they useful 7 


LESSON XXVIII. 

NEW BRITAIN. 

This is a large extent of territory, lying between the 
Canadas and the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and is nomi- 
nally owned by Great Britian. It is inhabited by nu- 


64 RUSSIAN AMERICA, GREENLAND, ETC. 

merous tribes of Indians. They subsist chiefly by fish- 
ing and hunting. There are, at several points, impor- 
tant trading posts. Fur is the principal article of traffic. 
This is a cold and broken region. The Esquimaux in- 
habit the northern parts. 

Rivers. ~ Mackenzie’s and Nelson’s. 

Lakes . ~ Winnipeg and Slave Lakes. 

RUSSIAN AMERICA. 

Russian America lies between the Pacific and Arctic 
Oceans, west of New Britian. It is a broken and bar- 
ren region. It belongs to the Russian Empire. It is 
inhabited mostly by tribes of Indians. There are a few 
Russians in the country, engaged in the fur trade. 

GREENLAND. 

Greenland lies between Baffin’s Bay, and the Atlantic 
and Arctic Oceans. It is a cold and barren region. It 
belongs to the crown of Denmark. The inhabitants are 
dwarfish and stupid. They live mostly in subterranean 
huts, built by the women ; without chimneys or furni- 
ture. They subsist on fish and oil ; and live, most of 
the time, in idleness. They have, in general, no laws ; 
in fact, no government, except custom. 

The Moravians have important missionary establish- 
ments there. 


ICELAND. 

This is an Island in the Atlantic, near Greenland. 
They are an enlightened, moral, and religious people. 
Their religion is Lutheran, or the sentiments inculcated 
by the great Reformer. The celebrated Volcano, Mount 
Hecla, is in this island. The hot springs here are very 
remarkable. 


TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATEMALA. - 65 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where does New Britain lie ? 

2. By whom is it owned ? 3. By whom inhabited ? 

4. Upon what do they subsist ? 5. What article of Traffic ? 

6. What is said of this region ? 7. What are the Rivers ? 

8. Gulphs, Bays and Lakes ? 9. Where is Russian America 1 

10. To what empire does it belong 1 11. By whom Inhabited ? 

12. What is the trade ? 13. Where is Greenland ? 

14. To wffiat crown does it belong? 

15. What is said of the inhabitants ? 16. Of their Government ? 

17. Of the missionary stations ? 18. Where is Iceland ? 

19. What is said of the inhabitants ? 20. What is their Religion r 

21. What Volcano there ? 

22. What other matters of interest ? 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XXIX. 

TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATEMALA. 

TEXAS. 

Texas is bounded north by the Indian Territories, east 
by the United States, south by the Gulph of Mexico, 
west by Mexico. 

Chief Towns.— Bexar, Bejar, Galveston, Houston, 
are the principal. 

Religion . — Catholic and Protestant. 

Government . — It is Republican in form. 

Education and Morals . — These are in a very loose 
state. 

This Republic is made up of mixed nations and char- 
acters. Slavery exists, and every thing is still in a very 
uncertain and fluctuating state. 


6 * 


66 


TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATEMALA. 


Productions. — See Southern States in general. 
River, — Colerado. 


MEXICO. 

Mexico is bounded north by the United States, east 
by the same, Texas and the Gulph ; south by Guatema- 
la, west by the Pacific. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Mexico is the Capital. 
It is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The 
streets are broad, regular, and neat. The houses are 
beautiful and splendid. The public edifices surpass those 
of any other American city. It is 7,000 feet above the 
level of the sea. Pop. 180,000. 

Puebla resembles Mexico in very many respects. 
Pop. 74,000. 

Religion. — Roman Catholic. The Catholic religion 
is a corruption of the Christian religion. Its votaries be- 
lieve in the supremacy and infallibility of the Pope. In 
their esteem, he is God’s vicegerent over the church. 
The Priests do not marry. They hold the common 
people in servile subjection. They withhold from them 
the Bible, and extort penances for the pardon of crimes 
which the people are bound to confess to them ; and 
sometimes actually sell them indulgences to sin. They 
believe in a purgatory and the canonizing of saints, and 
the saying of prayers, or mass, for the dead. They 
abound in forms, traditions, symbols, and paintings. 
Their religion, for the most part, is an empty but splen- 
did show, lorded over the people by an oppressive and 
mercenary priesthood. 

Government. — This is ostensibly, at least, Republican. 
They were once subject to Spain, but after many strug- 
gles, they threw off the Spanish yoke, and have erected 
themselves into an independent government. 

Education and Morals. — Mexico is made up of va- 
rious nations. Education and morals are at a low ebb. 
There is but little knowledge or principle diffused among 
the mass of the people. 


TEXAS, MEXICO, AND GUATEMALA. 67 

Productions. — Same as in the Southern States, except 
that indigo and cocoa are cultivated here. 

Rivers . — Riodelnorte and Colerado. 

Mountains. — Continuance of the Rocky Mountains, 
called here, the Cordilleras of Mexico. 

GUATEMALA. 

Guatemala lies between the Carribcan Sea and the Pa- 
cific, and between Mexico and South America. This 
country is subject to earthquakes. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Guatemala is the Capi- 
tal. It has a delightful location and climate. The streets 
are broad and neat. The houses low on account of fre- 
quent earthquakes. Pop. 50,000. 

San Salvadore and Leon are the other principal cities. 

Religion, Government, Education, Morals, and Moun- 
tains, see Mexico. 

Productions . — In addition to those of Mexico, indigo 
and cochineal are produced. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Texas bounded'? 2. What are some of the Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion? 4. Government ? 

5. Education and Morals ? 6. How is Mexico bounded ? 

7. Capital and Chief Towns ? 8. Religon ? 

9. Tell what you know of the Catholic Religion. 

10. What is the Government ? 

11. State of Education and Morals ? 

12. Productions'? 13. Rivers? 14. Mountains? 

15. Where is Guatemala situated ? 

16. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

1 7. In what particulars does it resemble Mexico ? 

18. Specify them in detail, by giving an account of each particular. 

(This is to be done in each case where reference is made.) 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Florida. 

2. Louisana. 3. Missisippi. 4. Alabama. 5. Georgia. 


68 


SOUTH AMERICA- 


6. South Carolina. 7. North Carolina. 8. Virginia. 

9. Kentucky. 10. Tennessee. 11. Arkansas. 12. Missouri. 
13. Iowa. 14. Wisconsin. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 

LESSON X N X . 

NEW GRENADA, VENEZUELA, AND EQUADOR. 

NEW GRENADA. 

New Grenada is bounded north’by the Carribbean Sea, 
east by Venezuela, south by Equador, west by the Pa- 
cific. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Bogota is the Capital. 
It is subject to earthquakes, as is most of South Ameri- 
ca. It has many splendid buildings and churches. The 
latter are resplendent with gold and jewels. 

The other towns are Carthagena and Panama. 

The Religion, Government, state of Education, Mor- 
als and Productions, correspond very nearly with those 
of Mexico and Guatemala. Coffee is also raised. 

Rivers . — The Magdalena. 

Lake Maracaybo. 

Mountains. — Andes. 

VENEZUELA. 

Venezuela is bounded north by the Carribbean Sea, 
east by Guiana, south by Brazil, west by New Grenada. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Caraccas is the Capital. 
Its population has been reduced about one half, by reason 
of earthquakes. Its location is elevated. Its commerce 
is extensive. Population 22,000. 


ECUADOR. 


69 


Maracaybo has 20,000 inhabitants. 

Valencia, 15,000. 

Religion, Government, Education, &c. Productions, 
and Mountains, resemble, in most respects, New Grenada. 

Rivers. — Oronoco, and the branches of the Amazon. 

EQUADOR. 

This republic is bounded north by the preceding re- 
publics, east by Brazil, south by Peru, west by the 
Pacific. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Quito is the Capital. 
It is elevated nearly i000 feet above the ocean. It has 
perpetual spring. Volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes 
are common. Pop. 70,000. 

Guayaquil and Riobamba are the principal towns. 
Each has about 10,000 inhabitants, and have considerable 
trade. 

Religion, Government, Education and Morals, Pro- 
ductions, and Mountains— see New Grenada. 

Rivers.— Amazon and its branches. 

QUESTIONS . 

1. How is New Grenada bounded ? 

2. What is the capital and chief towns of this Republic ? 

3. What is the religion ? 4. Government? 5. Morals, &c. ? 

6. Productions ? 7. Rivers ? 

8. How is Venezuela bounded ? 

9. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

10. In what respects does it resemble New Grenada 1 

11. What are these severally 1 12. What are the rivers 1 

13. How is Equador bounded ? 14. What is the capital 1 

15. In what respects does it resemble the preceding Republics 1 

16. Name each of these particulars. 

17. What are the rivers ? 

Review. — 1. Repeat what you know of Delawaro. 2. New Jersey. 
3. Maryland. 4. New York. 5. Pennsylvania. 6. Ohio. 

7. Indiana. 8. Michigan. 9. Illinois. 10. Missouri Territory. 
11. Oregon Territory. 12. Indian Territory. 


TO PERU, BRAZIL, AND GUIANA. 

LESSON XXXI. 

PERU, BRAZIL, AND GUIANA. 

PERU. 

Peru is bounded north by Equador, east by Brazil, 
south by Bolivia, west by the Pacific. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Lima is the Capital. 
The streets are handsome, but the houses are low. Like 
nearly all Spanish cities, it has a square in the centre, 
where the streets all terminate, and the public buildings 
stand. The trees are so numerous as to give to the 
whole, a rural aspect. Population, 80,000. 

Cuzco has 40,000 inhabitants. 

Arequipa is an important place. Population, 30,000. 

'Religion. — See the preceding Republics. 

Government. — See do. 

Education and Morals . — See do. They are in a 
neglected state. 

Productions . — Same as in the preceding Republics ; 
in addition, peruvian bark abounds, and mineral pro- 
ductions. The latter, in fact, abound in most of the 
South American States. 

Rivers. — See Equador. 

Mountains.— See do. 

BRAZIL. 

Brazil is bounded north by Venezuela and Guiana, 
east by the Atlantic, south by the Atlantic and Paraguay, 
west by Bolivia and Peru. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Rio Janeiro is the capital. 
It has a fine harbor, is elegantly built, with broad, straight, 
well paved streets. The public buildings and squares 
are splendid. The population is made up of various 
nations, amounting to 150,000. 

San Salvador is a splendid city. Its population 120,- 

000 . 


PERU, BRAZIL, AND GUIANA. 


71 


Pernambuco has a population of 60,000. 

« 

Religion,' — Catholic. 

Government , — Republican in tendency and in fact, 
though nominally subjected to Portugal. 

Education and Morals . — See New Grenada. Most 
of this vast empire, however, is in a state of unciviliza- 
tion. 

Productions , — See New Grenada, &c. 

Rivers . — Amazon and its branches. This is the 
largest river in the world. 

St. Francisco, and the branches of the La Plata. 

GUIANA. 

This country is bounded north and east by the Atlan- 
tic, south by Brazil, and west by Venezuela. 

This country is made up of Provinces, subject to Eu- 
ropean powers. The English, Dutch, and French have 
provinces here. 

Religion . — Catholic and Pagan. 

Productions . — See New Grenada in general. 

Rivers,— Essequibo, Demerara, Surinam. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Peru bounded ? 

2. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

8. What is the religion 1 4. Describe the Catholic religion. 

5 . What is the government ? 

6. r ;scribe this form of government. 

7. What is the state of education and morals ? 

8. What are the productions ? 9. Rivers ? 10. Mountains ? 

11. How is Brazil bounded ? 12. What is tho capital, &c. ? 

13. What is the religion P 

14. To what crown is this empire nominally subjected ? 

15. Is mwh of this country settled and civilized 1 

16. What is the state of education and morals ? 

17. What are the productions 1 18. Rivers? 


72 


BOLIVIA AND UNITED PROVINCES. 


19. How is Guiana bounded ? 

20. To what foreign powers does this country belong 1 

21. What is the religion? 22. What are the productions ? 

23. Rivers ? 

Review . — 1. Tell what you know of Connecticut. 

2. Rhode Island. 3. Massachusetts. 4. Vermont. 

5. N. Hampshire. 6. Maine. 7. Canada. 8. N. Brunswick. 
9. Nova Scotia. 10. Newloundland. 11. New Britain. 

12. Russian Ameiica. 13. Greenland. 14. Iceland. 


f7> 

LESSON XXXII. 

BOLIVIA AND UNITED PROVINCES. 

BOLIVIA. 

Boundaries . — Bolivia is bounded north by Peru and 
Brazil, east by Brazil, south by the United Provinces, 
west by Peru and the Pacitic. 

Capital and Chief Towns.— La Plata is the capital. 
It is not a place of much note. 

Potosi is one of the largest towns in this country. 
The houses are externally neat, but internally filthy. 
The climate is very variable. Its suburbs are now most- 
ly in ruins. 

La Paz lies in a deep ravine, environed by lofty moun- 
tains. It is a place of great commercial interest, and 
has 20,000 inhabitants. 

Oropeza is the principal depot for grains, fruits, and 
vegetables in this vast country. Population 30,000. 

Religion, government, vegetable and mineral produc- 
tions, education and morals, mountains and rivers, are 
substantially the same as those of Peru. 


BOLIVIA AND UNITED PROVINCES. 


73 


UNITED PROVINCES. 

The United Provinces are bounded north by Bolivia, 
east by Brazil, Paraguay and the Atlantic, south by Pat- 
agonia, west by Chili. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Buenos Ayres, on the 
La Plata, is the capital. Its location is healthy and com- 
manding. The streets regular and well paved. The 
houses are low, and mostly of brick, and are generally 
surrounded by a garden. The public squares and edifi- 
ces are numerous and grand. 

Cordova is a manufacturing place. Population 12,000. 

San Juan has 16,000 inhabitants, and an extensive trade. 

Religion , Government, Education and Morals . — 
Same as in the countries before described. 

Productions. — Corn and fruits, in addition to those of 
Bolivia and Peru. 

Rivers. — La Plata, and the branches of the Colorado. 

Mountains. — The Andes. 

It may be remarked that the Republics of South Amer- 
ica are such in name only, with respect to most of them. 
They are broken continually into factions, feuds, and 
parties, and rent by civil commotions and wars. Though 
the inhabitants nominally possess the right of suffrage, 
and hold the reins of government, yet they often exer- 
cise these rights under the terrors of the sword, and at 
the nod of political demagogues and military leaders. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is Bolivia bounded 1 

2. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

3. What is the religion ? 4. Government ? 

5. Education and morals ? 6. Productions ? 7. Mountains ? 

8. Rivers ? 9. How are the United Provinces bounded ? 

10. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

1 1 . In what respects does this country resemble all the other Re- 
publics of South America ? 

12. In what respects do the productions differ from Bolivia ? 

7 


74 


URUGUA AND PARAGUAY. 


13. What are the rivers 1 14. Mountains ? 

15. In what respects do the Republics of South America differ 
from those of North America! 

Review the three preceding lessons. 


LESSON XXXIII. 

URUGUAY, PARAGUAY, CHILI, AND PATAGONIA. 

U R U G U A Y . 

Boundaries . — Uruguay is bounded north and east by 
Brazil, south by the Atlantic, and west by the Uruguay. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Monte Video, on the La 
Plata, is the capital. It is badly built, but has some 
commerce. Population 11,000. 

Religion.— Catholic. See United Provinces. 

Government .— Republic. See United Provinces. 

Education and Morals . — See United Provinces. 

Productions . — See United Provinces. 

Rivers . — The La Plata and Uruguay. 

PARAGUAY. 

Paraguay is bounded north by Brazil, east and south 
by the river Parana, west by the United Provinces and 
Bolivia. 

Capital and Chief Towns .— Assumption is the capi- 
ital. It has 7,000 inhabitants. 

Other towns are Villa Rica and Conception. 

Religion .— See United Provinces. 

Government . — Absolute Monarchy. 

Education and Morals .— See United Provinces. 

Rivers . — Paraguay and Panama. 


CHILI AND PATAGONIA. 


75 


CHILI. 

Chili is bounded north by Bolivia, east by the United 
Provinces, south and west by the Pacific. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — St. Jago is the capital. 
It is situated in an extensive valley. For reasons already 
stated, the houses are low. Population 52,000. 

Valparaiso, the port of St. Jago, has a population of 

20 , 000 . 

Conception has 14,000 inhabitants. 

Religion , Government , and Morals , correspond with 
the other Republics of South America. 

Productions. — See Ohio and Pennsylvania. Besides, 
sugar, cotton, and various kinds of fruits. 

Rivers. — None of note. 

Mountains. — Andes. 

PATAGONIA. 

Patagonia lies at the southern extremity of South 
America, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

This country is inhabited by savage tribes. But little 
however is known of them. Some have represented 
them as of gigantic stature. 

Rivers. — Rio Negro, Camerones, and Port Desire. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Uruguay bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. Religion 1 4. Government? 

5. Education and Morals? 6. Productions ? 

7. Rivers ? 8. How is Paraguay bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

10. What is the Religion? 11. Government ? 

12. Education and Morals ? 13. Rivers? 

14. How is Chili bounded ? 15. Capital and Chief Towns ? 

16. Tell what you know of the Religion, Government, Morals, &c. 

17. What are the Productions ? 18. Mountains? 


76 


CHILI, PATAGONIA, ETC. 


19. Where is Patagonia situated? 

20. By whom is this country inhabited 1 

21. What is said of them ? 

22. What are the Rivers ? 

Review . — 1. Tell what you know of Colombia. 

2. Guatamala. — 3. New Grenada. — 4. Venezuela. 

5. Guiana. — 6. Equador.— 7. Peru. — 8. Brazil. — 9. Chili. 
10. Bolivia. — 


f 


LESS OJN XXXIV. 

f V) 


Review Part I, critically. 


EUROPE. 


77 


EUROPE. 

LESSON XXXV. 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 

SPAIN. 

Boundaries. — Spain is bounded north by the Bay of 
Biscay and France, east by the Mediterranean, south by 
the juncture of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, west by 
Portugal and the Atlantic. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Madrid is the Capital. 
It is a rich and beautiful city. The streets are regular 
and the public buildings magnificent. The new palace 
is one of the finest Royal Residences in Europe. Pop. 
210,000. 

Seville is a place of considerable business. Its streets 
are narrow, but the buildings are elegant. Pop. 92,000. 

Barcelona has a population of 120,000. The other 
principal cities are Valencia and Grenada. 

Religion . — The religion is Roman Catholic. It is, 
however, far less severe and illiberal now than formerly. 

Government. — A Limited Monarchy. The govern- 
ment of Spain has been modified from an oppressive ab- 
solute monarchy to its present form. 

In a Monarchy , the government is administered by one 
individual, who usually receives the crown by inheri- 
tance. In a Limited Monarchy , the power of the sover- 
eign is restrained by a Constitution, or by co-ordinate 
branches of Government. 

In an Absolute Monarchy , the sovereign power is 
wholly uncontrolled. 

Education and Morals . — These are in a wretched 
state. Learning and refinement, as in all Catholic coun- 
tries, are restricted to the higher and wealthier classes of 
society. 

Productions . — These are oil, from the olive ; wines, 

7 # 


78 


SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 


from the grape ; tropical fruits, grain, rice, cotton. The 
land, though good, is much neglected., 

Rivers.*—' The Guardiana, Guadalquiver, Ebro, and 
Duero. 

Mountains.— The Pyrenees. 

PORTUGAL. 

Boundaries. —Portugal is bounded north and east by 
Spain, south and west by the Atlantic. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Lisbon, on the Tagus, is 
the Capital. It is a rich and splendid city. It abounds 
in rich and magnificent edifices. It has a large trade, 
and 262,000 inhabitants. 

Oporto, on the Duero, is a city of extensive trade in 
wines and fruit. Pop. 75,000. 

Religion . — See Spain. 

Government . — See Spain. 

Education and Morals. — See Spain. 

Productions. — See Spain. 

Rivers. — Duero and Tagus. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is is Spain bounded I 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ? 

4. Describe the Catholic Religion. 

5. What is the Government ? 

6. What is a Monarchy ? 7. A limited Monarchy 1 

8. An absolute Monarchy ? 

9. What is the State of Education and Morals 1 

10. Production? 11. Rivers? 12. Mountains? 

13. How is Portugal bounded ? 

14. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

15. What can you say of the Religion, Government, state of Ed- 
ucation and Morals, and Productions of Portugal ? 

16. Describe each. 17. What are the Rivers ? 


ITALY AND GREECE. 


79 


Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Venezuela. 

2. New Grenada. — 3. Equador. — 4. Guiana. — 5. Brazil. 
6. Peru. — 7. Bolivia.— 8. Chili. — 9. Paraguay. 

10. United Provinces. — 11. Patagonia. 


LESSON XXXYI. 

ITALY AND GREECE. 

ITALY. 

Boundaries . — Italy is bounded north by the Alps, east 
by the Adriatic sea, south and west by the Mediterra- 
nean. 

Capital and Chief Towns.' — Rome is the Capital of 
all the Papal Dominions, both Civil and Ecclesiastical. 
It is one of the most ancient and splendid, but corrupt 
cities on the globe. It is the seat of the Pope and his 
Court. St. Peter’s Church, the wonder of the world, is 
here. Pop. 150,000. 

The other principal cities are, Naples, 360,000 inhab- 
itants ; Venice, and Milan. 

Religion.— See Spain. Catholicism prevails here in 
all its splendor and corruption. 

Government .• — In most of the States, the Government 
is Absolute Monarchy. In some, it is limited and elec- 
tive. 

Education and Morals.— See Spain. 

Productions.— See Spain. 

Rivers. — Po and Tiber. 

Mountains. — Appenines. 

GREE CE. 

Boundaries. — Greece is bounded north by Turkey, 


80 


ITALY AND GREECE. 


east by the Archipelago, south and west by the Mediter- 
ranean. 

Capital and Chief Towns.—* Athens is the Capital. • 
It is a city celebrated in ancient and modern history. It 
was once the seat of learning, refinement, and power; 
but it has suffered by subsequent revolutions and oppres- 
sion. Pop. 14,000. 

Other towns are Lepsina and Corinth. 

Religion. — The Greek Church. This form of re- 
ligion resembles the Catholic, except in two or three 
points. The Greek Church do not acknowledge the su- 
premacy of the Pope. They allow their priests to mar- 
ry ; and the common people to have the bible. 

Government.* — See Spain. Greece was formerly sub- 
ject to the Turkish power. 

Education and Morals. — Low, but rising. 

Productions . — See Spain. 

QUESTIONS. 

J . How is Italy bounded ? 2. Capital and Chief Towns 1 

3. What is the Religion ? 4. Government ? 

5. State of Education and Morals ? 6. Productions ? 

7. Rivers? 8. Mountains'! 9. How is Greece bounded ? 

10. What is the Capital and Chief Towns? 11. Religion? 

12. How does the Greek Church differ from the Catholic ? 

13. Government? 

14. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

15. What are the productions 1 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Guatamala. 2. Mexico. 

3. Texas. 4. Canada. 5. New Brunswick. 6. Nova Scotia. 

7. Newfoundland. 8. Iceland. 9. Greenland. 

10. New Britain. 11. Russian Possessions. 


TURKEY AND AUSTRIA. 


81 


LESSON XXXVII. 

TURKEY AND AUSTRIA. 

TURKEY. 

Turkey lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia. 

Boundaries . — European Turkey is bounded north by 
Austria and Russia, east by the Archipelago and Black 
Sea, south by Greece, and west by the Adriatic Sea and 
Austria. 

Capital and Chief Toivns. — Constantinople, the cap- 
ital, is a magnificent but depraved city. Pop. 600 , 000 . 

Adrianople and Salonica are extensive cities. 

Religion . — The religion is Mahommetan. Other sects 
are tolerated. 

Mahommedanism is a mixed religion ; composed of the 
Jewish, Papal, and Pagan. It appeals to the credulous, 
marvellous, and sensual in man. The Mahommetans 
believe in one God. They believe that Mahomet was 
God’s last and principal messenger to mankind. They 
believe in a sensual paradise, where all will be rewarded 
according to their valor in propagating their religion, and 
their faithfulness in its duties and austerities. 

Government . — An Absolute Monarchy. 

Education and Morals . — The state of these is very 
bad. The Koran is their text-book in science, literature, 
and morals ; and the chief end of education with them, is 
to know how to read and interpret this. 

Productions . — See Spain and the other countries of 
Southern Europe. 

Rivers .-—' The Danube and its branches. 

Mountains . — The C arpathian. 

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 

This Empire is composed of several distinct provinces. 

Boundaries . — iVustria is bounded north by Prussia and 


82 


TURKEY AND AUSTRIA. 


Poland, east by Russia, south by Turkey and the Adri- 
atic Sea, and west by Switzerland and Germany. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Vienna is the Capital. 
It is finely situated on the Danube. 

The chief towns are Prague and Buda. 

Religion . — Roman Catholic. Other sects are tolera- 
ted. 

Government . — An Absolute Monarchy. In its bear- 
ings upon some of the States, it is limited. This nation 
being an Empire, the sovereign is styled Emperor. 

An Empire is a government that includes several dis- 
tinct states or kingdoms. 

Education and Morals . — Common school education 
is more attended to than in most Catholic countries. In 
other respects, see Spain. 

Productions. — Grain and the avails of their extensive 
pastures and forests. 

Rivers and Mountains. ~ See Turkey. 

\ 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Turkey bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ! 

4. Describe the Mahomedan Religion. 

5. What is the Government ? 

6. State of Eduation and Morals ? 7. Productions ? 

8. Rivers ? 9. Mountains ! 

10. How is Austria bounded ? 

11. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

12. What is the Religion P 13. Government 1 

14. What is an empire ? 15. State of Education and Morals ? 

16. What are the Productions! 17. Rivers and Mountains! 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of the Oregon Territory. 

2. Wisconsin. 3. Iowa. 4. Indian. 5. Missouri. 

6. Florida. 7. Spain. 8. Portugal. 9. Italy. 10. Greece. 


RUSSIA AND POLAND. 


83 


LESSON XXXVIII. 

RUSSIA AND POLAND. 

RUSSIA. 

The Russian Empire is the largest territorial empire 
on the globe. 

Boundaries. — Russia is bounded north by the Arctic, 
east by Asiatic Russia, south by the Caspian Sea, Cau- 
casus, and the Black Sea ; west by Austria, Poland, and 
the Baltic. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — St. Petersburg is the 
Capital. Its site is low. Parts of the spot on which it 
stands, were once islands, marsh, or water. It is one of 
the most exposed, but beautiful cities on the globe. Its 
temples, palaces, and artificial works are splendid. Pop. 
500,000. 

Moscow was mostly destroyed by fire at the French 
invasion, under Napoleon, in 1812. The great bell is 
there. It is more than twenty feet in diameter. 

Cronstadt is a large city. 

Religion . — The Greek Church. Other sects are tol- 
erated, and are numerous. See Greece. 

Government . — An Absolute Monarchy. The Emper- 
or is supreme head of the church and state. 

Education and Morals. — These are low. Religion 
and government exert but little influence over the major- 
ity of the people. Heathenism prevails over a large 
part of the empire. The lower class, the serfs, are in a 
state of vassalage to the lords. 

Productions. — These, owing to the large extent of 
territory, are various. In Southern Russia, they corres- 
pond with those of Austria. In the northern regions, 
they are furs, timbers, and minerals. 

Rivers . — These are numerous. The Ural, Volga, 
Don, and Vistula, are among the largest. 

Mountains. — The Ural. 


84 


RUSSIA AND POLAND. 


POLAND. 

Boundaries . — Poland is bounded north by Russia, east 
by Russia, south by Austria, west by Prussia. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Warsaw is the Capital. 
Pop. 150,000. 

Kalish and Lubin are the chief towns. 

Religion. — See Spain. 

Government. ~ This kingdom is subject to the Russian 
Empire. The Emperor of Russia is King of Poland. 

Education and Morals . — Poor, but improving. See 
Greece. 

Productions. — See Austria. 

Timers.— Vistula and Numan. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Russia bounded ? 

2 . What is the Capital and Chief Towns'? 

3. What is the Religion ? 4. Describe this. 

5. What is the Government? 

6. Does it prevail all over the empire ? 

7. What is the State of Education and Morals ? 

8. Productions? 9. Rivers? 10. Mountains? 

11. How is Poland bounded ? 

12. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

13. Religion? 14. Government? 

15. Education and Morals ? 16. Productions? 17. Rivers? 

Review the preceding countries in Europe. 


SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY. 


85 


LESSON XXXIX. 

SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Boundaries. — Switzerland is bounded north by Ger- 
many, cast by Austria, south by Italy, west by France. 

Capital and Chief Towns.— Berne, Zurich, and Lu- 
cerne are, alternately, the Capital. Berne is a beautiful 
city, with extensive trade and manufactures. It is the 
seat of many important Seminaries. Pop. 18,000. 

Geneva is the most flourishing city in Switzerland. 
It is situated on the Lake of the same name, which ren- 
ders its scenery beautiful. It was the residence of Cal- 
vin, the great Reformer. Pop. 27,000. 

Basle is noted for its trade, commerce, and literary In- 
stitutions. Pop. 16,000. 

Religion. — Protestant. There are also Catholics and 
Jews, 

Government. — A Confederacy ; made up of over twen- 
ty Sovereign States, differing somewhat in the character 
of their government. 

Education and Morals. — These are, on the whole, 
good. Literary Institutions abound. 

Productions. — See Austria and Central Europe. The 
land is poor and broken, but well tilled. 

Lakes. — Constance and Geneva, and other smaller 
ones. The former may be well styled, “ the lake of 
the clouds.” 

Mountains. — The Alps. 

GERMANY. 

Boundaries.— Germany is bounded north by Den- 
mark and the Baltic, east by Prussia and Austria, south 
by Austria and Switzerland, west by France, Belgium, 
and Holland. 

Chief Towns. — Munich is one of the handsomest cit- 
8 


86 


SWITZERLAND AND GERMANY. 


ies in Germany. It is adorned with parks, gardens, 
walks, and splendid buildings. The Royal Palace is one 
of the finest in Europe. Pop. 80,000. 

Hanover is an ancient city, and has many elegant 
structures of hewn stone. Pop. 28,000. 

Hamburg has many elegant edifices, a thriving com- 
merce, and many Institutions and libraries. Population, 
125,000. 

Frankfort has 55,000 inhabitants. 

Religion . — Catholic and Protestant. 

Government . — A Confederacy, made up of nearly 30 
different states and cities, having various forms of gov- 
ernment. 

Education and Morals. — In Protestant Germany, the 
state of education exceeds all other parts of Europe, ex- 
cept Prussia. They abound in Universities. In the cul- 
tivation of music, they rank next to the Italians. It is 
taught in the common schools, as a part of education. 
The state of morals here, as every where, corresponds 
with the religion and learning of the country. 

Productions.— See Austria. Grain, minerals, and the 
products of the pasture and forest. 

Rivers. — The Rhine and Elbe. 

• y ) . 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Switzerland bounded 1 

2. What are the Capitals and Chief Towns 1 

3. What is the Religion 1 4. What is the Government ? 

5, What is the state of Education and Morals 1 

6. What are the productions ? 7. What Mountains ? 

8. Lakes ? 9. How is Germany bounded ? 

10. Mention the Chief Towns. 11. What is the Religion ? 

12. What is the Government 1 

13. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

14. What is said of the cultivation of music ? 

15. What are the Productions'? 16. Rivers ? 

, 4 ' » 

Review . — 1. Tell what you know of Patagonia. 2. Chili. 


/ 


l 


FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 


87 


3. Paraguay. 4. United Provinces. 5. Bolivia. 6. Brazil. 
7. Guiana. 8. Peru. 9. Equador. 10. Venezuela. 

11. New Grenada. 


LESSON XL. 

FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 

FRANCE. 

Boundaries . — France is bounded north by Belgium 
and the English Channel, east by Germany, Switzerland, 
and Italy ; south by the Mediterranean and Spain, west 
by the Bay of Biscay. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Paris is the Capital. It 
is enclosed by a wall, 17 miles in circuit. It is a splen- 
did and fashionable city. Pop. nearly 1,000,000. 

Lyons, Marseilles, and Bordeaux, have each great 
wealth, beauty, and commercial advantages, and a popu- 
lation of over 100,000. 

Religion . — Roman Catholic. All sects are tolerated, 
and have equal rights. Protestantism is advancing. 

Government . — A Limited Monarchy. It secures to 
the people, in effect, nearly the whole political power ; 
the crown only is hereditary, and this in the male line. 

Education and Morals . — These are in a low but im- 
proving state. Literature, science, and the arts are cul- 
tivated to a high extent. But their cultivation, as in all 
Catholic countries, is limited to the higher classes of so- 
ciety. Amusement and dissipation abound in France, 
especially in the large cities. 

Productions . — In the southern part, see Spain. In 
the northern, see Austria and Germany. 

River s .~ The Loire, Garonne, and the Seine. 

Mountains .^— -Alps and Pyrenees. 




88 FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 

BELGIUM. 

Boundaries. — Belgium is bounded north by Holland, 
east by Germany, south by France, west by the North 
Sea. 

Capital and Chief Towns.*— Brussels is the Capital. 
It is a large manufacturing city. It has many fine 
squares and palaces. Its location is beautiful ; its sub- 
urbs extensive. Pop. 100,000. 

Antwerp contains one of the most elegant Cathedrals 
in the world. Its spire is 440 feet high. It is now on 
the decline ; has less than half its former inhabitants. 
Pop. 70,000. Once it had 200,000 inhabitants, and was 
one of the richest cities in the world. 

Religion. — Roman Catholic. Other sects are tolera- 
ted. See France. 

Government. See France. 

Education and Morals. — See France. 

Productions. — See south of France. The land is in 
a high state of cultivation, and yields various kinds of 
grain and fruit. 

Rivers.-t The Scheldt. 

< ’ 1 \ • , ^ > | 
• * r . a • 

QUESTIONS. 

. ; • ' ' ' ^ 

■ 

1. How is France bounded ? 

2. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

3. What is said of the religion P 

4. What is the government ? 

5. What is the state of education and morality ? 

6. What are the productions ? 7. What are the rivers ? 

8. What are the mountains ? 

9. How is Belgium bounded ? 

10. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

11. What is the religion ? 12. Government? 

13. State of education and morality? 

14. What are the productions ? 15. What are the rivers ? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Spain. 2. Portugal. 


PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. 


89 


3. Italy. 4. Greece. 5. Turkey. 6. Austria. 
7. Switzerland. 8. Poland. 


LESSON X L I . 

PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. 

PRUSSIA. 

Boundaries . — Prussia is bounded north by the Baltic, 
east by Russia and Poland, south by Austria, west by 
Germany. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — The capital is Berlin. It 
is situated upon a plain, on the river Spree. Its streets and 
squares are elegant. The public buildings splendid. Of 
these, the principal are the Royal Palace, the most magni- 
ficent in Europe ; and the Arsenal, said to be the largest 
in the world. There are several Universities and literary 
Institutions here. Population, 244,000. 

Cologne, on the Rhine, is a place of large trade, and 
has 66,000 inhabitants. 

Breslau, upon the Oder, is one of the largest cities in 
Prussia. It is celebrated for its trade and literary Insti- 
tutions. Population 90,000. 

Religion. — Protestant, Lutheran. They hold to the 
opinions and forms inculcated by the great Reformer. 

Government. — Absolute Monarchy. The power of 
the Sovereign, however, is exercised mildly. 

Education and Morals. — No where in the world are 
the blessings of education more generally enjoyed. All 
are required by law to furnish the means of education for 
their children. As might be expected, the state of moral- 
ity is good. 

Productions. — Grain, timber, the products of the pas- 
ture, cattle, sheep, &c. See Central Europe generally. 

Rivers. — Elbe, Oder. 

8 * 


I 


90 PRUSSIA AND DENMARK. 

m 

' DENMARK. 

Boundaries . — Denmark is bounded north by Scager- 
rac, east by Cattegat, south by Germany, and west by the 
North Sea. 

Denmark, like Spain and Portugal, is a peninsula. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Copenhagen is the seat 
of government. Its site is somewhat like that of St. Pe- 
tersburg. In its streets, squares, and public buildings 
it resembles Berlin. Pop. 124,000. 

The chief towns are Altona, on the Elbe, and Flens- 
burg, on the Baltic. The former has 30,000, the latter 
15,000 inhabitants. 

Religion.*— Protestant, Lutheran. See Prussia. 

Government . — Absolute Monarchy, modified however 
by the intelligence of the people. See Prussia. 

Education and Morals. — Gymnasiums and primary 
schools abound. The general state of education and 
morality is good ; and yet the effects of the old feudal 
system are still felt here. Whole territories and provin- 
ces, with their inhabitants, having been captured and 
subjected by former chieftains or conquerors, still remain, 
by a kind of entailment, in the line of their descendants. 

Productions. — Grains, and the proceeds of the pasture 
and flocks. 


QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Prussia bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ? 

4. What can you say of the Government 1 

5. Of the state of Education and Morals ? 

6. Productions 1 7. What are the Rivers ? 

8. How is Denmark bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

10. What is the Religion ? 11. Government? 

12. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

13. What are the productions ? 




ENGLAND AND IRELAND. 


91 


Review . — 1. Tell what you know of Ohio. 2. Michigan. 
3. Illinois. 4. Indiana. 5. Missouri. 6. Kentucky. 
7. Tennessee. 8. North Carolina. 9. South Carolina. 
10. Georgia. 


LESSON X L 1 1 . 

ENGLAND AND IRELAND. 

ENGLAND. 

Boundaries .— England is bounded north by Scotland, 
cast by the North Sea, south by the English Channel, 
west by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — London, on the Thames, 
is the Capital of the British, Empire. It is one of the 
largest, richest, and most splendid cities oil the globe. It 
abounds with parks, palaces, bridges, theatres, and col- 
leges. Many of the churches are splendid. St. Paul’s 
Cathedral is one of the finest churches in the world. 
London has been denominated a “ forest of splendor.” 
Some parts of it, however, those especially that are in- 
cluded in the ancient city, are mean. Whole population 
somewhere near a million and a half. 

Next to London, in point of wealth and trade, is Liv- 
erpool, situated on the Mersey. It is a great commer- 
cial town, having an extensive trade with the United 
States. Population nearly 200,000. 

Manchester and Birmingham are large manufacturing 
places ; the former of cotton goods, the latter of iron 
ware of all kinds. 

Religion. — Protestant. Episcopacy is the established 
religion. It is incorporated with the government. None 
but the church can hold civil offices. Other prerogatives 
and privileges are withheld from the “ Dissenters.” The 
tything system prevails here, and the church and clergy, 
of the higher order, are consequently rich. 


92 


ENGLAND AND IRELAND. 


Government.'—* Limited Monarchy. The king or queen 
is head of the Church and State, but the Royal power is 
limited by Parliament. 

Education and Morals. — The blessings of education 
are not generally enjoyed here. The poor are wretch- 
edly ignorant, but the wealthy and higher classes, enjoy 
the best advantages for education and refinement the 
world affords. The state of morals, on the whole, is 
better than might be inferred from the general state of 
education that exists here. 

Productions. — The lands of England are in the high- 
est state of cultivation. Almost every thing is raised 
here that can be cultivated in the same latitude. See 
Central Europe in general. 

Rivers. — Thames and Severn. 

Canals and Railroads. — This country is completely 
intersected by these. Almost all the principal places are 
thus united. 

England has possessions in almost every part of the 
globe. It is said that “ the sun never sets on her Territo- 
ries.” 

Wales is a province in the ^outh-east of England. 
The people are a poor, but neat, contented, industrious, 
and happy people. 

IRELAND. 

Boundaries. — Ireland is bounded north, south and 
west by the Atlantic, and east by the Irish Sea. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — The capital is Dublin. 
It is a city both of elegance and of poverty ; of palaces 
and hospitals. Things are seen here in contrast. It has 
much wealth and trade. Pop. 250,000. 

Cork and Limerick stand next in point of importance 
and population, the former having over 100,000 inhabit- 
ants, the latter over 60,000. 

Religion. — Catholic. Other denominations exist. All 

o 

however are subjected to the tything system, and are in 
other respects oppressed by the Established Church. 


HOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. 


93 


Government . — Ireland is subject to the Crown of Eng- 
land. 

Education and Morals .< — These are in a low condi- 
tion. The mass of the people are deplorably ignorant. 

Productions . — See England, and Central Europe gene- 
rally. 

Canals.— Dublin and Shannon, Royal, and Newry 
Canals. 

• * * * . .« 

QUESTIONS. 

«v 

1. How is England bounded 7 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 3. Religion 1 

4. Government? 5. State of Education and Morals ? 

6. Productions 7 7. Rivers ? 

4 

8. What is said of the extent of the British Territories 7 

9. Where is Wales ? 10. What is said of her inhabitants ? 

11. How is Ireland bounded ? 

12. What is the Capital and Chief Towns 7 

13. W’hat is the Religion ? 14. Government ? 

15. Education and Morals 7 1G. Productions? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Louisiana. 2. Texas. 

3. Mexico. 4. Guatamala. 5. New Grenada. 6. Venezuela. 

7. Equador. 8. Guia'na. 9. Brazil. 10. Peru. 11. Bolivia. 
12. Chili. 13. United Provinces. 14. Uruguay. 

15. Paraguay. 16. Patagonia. 

' •' 

, - i 

\ 

t 

LESSON XL III. 

• * • 

HOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. 

HOLLAND. 

r • #, 

I 

Boundaries . — Holland is bounded north and west by 
the North Sea, south by Belgium, and east by Germany. 




94 HOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Amsterdam is the capital. 

It is a place of extensive commerce and wealth. It is 
intersected by the river Amstel, and by numerous canals, 
across which there are nearly 300 bridges. This city 
contains much that is splendid and attractive. It is the 
seat of many literary Institutions. Pop. 200,000. 

Hague, once the capital, and remarkable for its canals, 
is one of the best built cities in Europe. Pop. 56,000. 

Religion.— Calvinistic form. 

Government . — Limited Monarchy. 

Education and Morals. — Learning is generally dif- 
fused. The Dutch are a moderate, quiet, thinking, mor- 
al people. 

Productions. — See Prussia and Central Europe. Much 
of the land here has been reclaimed from the ocean, and 
is in a high state of cultivation. 

Rivers. — The Rhine. 

This country abounds in canals. 

SCOTLAND. “ H 

Boundaries. — Scotland is bounded north and west by 
the Atlantic, south by England, and east by the North 
Sea. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Edinburg is the Capital. 

It is surrounded by rugged cliffs and precipices, giving 
it a romantic and picturesque appearance. It is a city of 
learning and of great wealth and trade. Pop. 180,000. 

Glasgow is the largest and richest city in Scotland. 

It is a place of extensive trade and manufactures. Pop. 

200,000. 

Religion.— Protestant. Calvinistic and Presbyterian 
form. 

Government.— Scotland is subject to England, but has 
a representation in Parliament. 

Education and Morals. — These are in a high state of 
cultivation. The Scotch are a moral and religious peo- 
ple. They hold the Bible in great veneration. 


NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 


95 


Productions.*— Same as in Central Europe, substan- 
ially. The land is barren and broken. 

Rivers .— There are a few inconsiderable streams, most 
)f which widen near the ocean into Friths. 

■> ^ 

Canals.— -Caledonian, Forth and Clyde, and Union 
Canals. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is Holland bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ? 4. What is the Government 1 

5. What is the slate of Education and Morals ? 

6. What are the productions ? 7. Rivers and Canals ? 

8. How is Scotland bounded ? 

9. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns % 

10. Religion? 11. Government? 12. Education and Morals ? 

13. Canals ? 

Review all North America, except the United States. 


— 


LESSON X L I Y . 

1 

NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 

* 

NORWAY. 

Boundaries.— Norway is bounded north by the Arctic 
Ocean, east by Sweden, south by the Scagerrac, west 
by the Atlantic Ocean. 

Norway and Sweden are a peninsula. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Christiana is the Capital. 
It is built in a valley. The streets are neat and regular. 
It has a fine harbor, and a population of 20,500. 

Bergen is similarly situated, and is about as large as 
Christiana. 


96 


NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 


Drontheim is a place of extensive trade, and has a 
population of 12,000. 

Religion . — Protestant. It has more of form than of 
power. It is tinctured with Paganism. 

Government,— This kingdom is subjected to Sweden, 
in the form of a Vice Royalty. 

A Vice Royalty is a government where the rulers are 
sent to them by other powers. 

Education and Morals . — Learning is pretty exten- 
sively diffused. Itinerant school masters communicate 
instruction to the common people. The morals may be 
infered from the above facts. 

Productions .* — Their fisheries are sources of large 
profit. The exports are timbers, fur, and mineral pro- 
ductions. 

SWEDEN. 

Boundaries,— Sweden is bounded northwest by Nor- 
way and the Cattegat, east by Russia and the Baltic, 
south by the Baltic. 

Capital and Chief Towns, — The Capital is Stock- 
holm. It is built upon piles, islands, and peninsulas. 
Its situation is beautiful, and its tradeMarge. It has 80,- 
000 inhabitants. 

Gottenburg is well fortified, and has a good harbor. 
Pop. 25,000. 

Religion. — Protestant — Lutheran. It is more formal 
and national, than spiritual and practical. 

Government,— Limited Monarchy. 

Education and Morals.— There are but few who 
cannot read and write. But the state of public morals is 
rather low. 

Productions. — Generally as in Norway. Also, some 
grains, timbers, and pasturage. 


NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 


97 


QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Norway bounded? 

2. What is the capital and chief towns? 

3. What is the religion ? 4. Government ? 

5. What is a Vice Royalty ? 

6. What is the state of education and morals? 

7. What are the productions? 

8. How is Sweden bounded ? 

9. What is the capital and chief towns? 

10, What is the religion ? 11. Government? 

12. State of education and morals ? 13. Productions ? 

Revieiv. — 1. Tell what you know of Arkansas. 2. Louisiana. 
3. Mississippi. 4. Alabama. 5. Florida. 6. Spain. 

7. Portugal. 8. Italy. 9. Greece. 10. Turkey. 

11. Austria. 

9 


98 


ASIA. 


ASIA. 

LESSON XLV. 

ARABIA AND TURKEY. 

ARABIA. 

Boundaries.— Arabia is bounded north by Turkey, 
east by the Persian Gulph, south by the Indian Ocean, 
west by the Red Sea. 

Chief Towns. — Mecca, celebrated as the birth place 
of Mahomet, is the principal resort for pilgrims from all 
Mahometan nations. It is on the decline ; has only 
about half the number of its former inhabitants. Pop. 
60,000. 

Jedda, the port of Mecca, on the Red Sea, has 40,000. 

Medina contains the tomb of Mahomet ; the inhabi- 
tants live by gifts from pilgrims. Pop. 8,000. 

Religion. — See Turkey in Europe. Arabia is the 
birth place of Mahomedanism. 

Government. — The government is that of Independent 
Chiefs, called sheiks. Each tribe is ruled by its respect- 
ive chief. 

Education and Morals. — These are in a very loose 
state. 

Productions . — Aloes, myrrh, frankincense, coffee, 
pepper, and tropical fruits. 

Rivers . — None of note. 

Desert. — Great Desert. 

ASIATIC TURKEY. 

Boundaries. — Turkey is bounded north by the Black 
Sea, east by Persia, south by Arabia, west by the Medi- 
terranean. 

Syria, or the Holy Land, is still included in this em- 
pire ; though its possession has been recently contested 


ARABIA AND TURKEY. 


99 


between the Ottomon Porte and the Pacha of Egypt. 
It is here that most of the occurrences recorded in the 
Bible, took place. Jerusalem was the former capital. 

Chief Towns . — Bagdad, on the Tigris, once a place 
of splendor, is now on the decline. Pop. 100,000. 

Bassora, now going to decay, has a population of 60, 
000. Smyrna has a population of 130,000. 

Religion. — See Arabia. The Greek, Armenian, and 
Nestorian churches, still survive here. 

Government.*-— See Turkey in Europe. It is a part of 
the same Empire. 

Education and Morals.*— See Turkey in Europe. 

Productions. — See Arabia. Minerals abound ; also, 
silk, oil, and honey. 

Rivers. — Tigris and Euphrates. 

Mountains . — Arrarat and the Taurus. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Arabia bounded 1 

2. What are the Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ? 

4. What is the Government 1 

5. What is the State of Education and Morals 1 

6. Productions ? 7. Desert ? 

8. What is said of Syria ? 

9. How is Turkey bounded ? 

10. What Towns I 

11. What is the Religion ? 12. Government ? 

13. State of Education and Morals ? 14. Productions ? 

15. Rivers? 16. Mountains? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Austria. 2. Russia. 

3. Prussia. 4. Poland. 5. Switzerland. 6. France. 

7. Belgium. 8. Holland. 9. England, 10. Ireland. 

12. Scotland. 


100 


V 


PERSIA AND TARTARY. 


LESSON X L V I . 

PERSIA AND TARTARY. 

PERSIA. 

Boundaries.— Persia is bounded north by the Caspian 
Sea and Tartary, east by Tartary, Afghanistan, and Bel- 
loochistan ; south by the Persian Gulph, west by Turkey. 

Cajntal and Chief Towns. — Teheran is the capital. 
It is situated on a dreary plain, but has some manufac- 
turing interests. Pop. 130,000. 

Ispahan, the former capital, is now but a shadow of 
its former splendor. Still, it has an extensive trade. It 
abounds in monuments of ancient splendor. Pop. 180, 
000 . 

Religion.*— See Turkey. 

Government .< — Absolute Monarchy. See Turkey. 

Education and Morals. — In a low condition. See 
Turkey. 

Productions. — Same as in Turkey in Asia, substan- 
tially. 

TART ARY. 

Boundaries.*— Independent Tartary is bounded north 
by Russia in Asia, east by the Chinese Empire, south 
by Afghanistan, west by Persia and the Caspian Sea. 

Chief Toivns. — Buchara has 80,000 inhabitants. It 
has 360 mosques and 60 colleges : it is the seat of Ma- 
hometan learning. Its manufactures and commerce are 
extensive. 

Samarcand, the former capital of the Empire of Tam- 
erlane, is a place of great business and commerce. Pop. 
50,000. 

Religion.* — See Turkey. 

Government.— See Arabia. 

Education and Morals. — -See Arabia. 

> , > 


AFGHANISTAN. 


101 


Productions. — But little attention is paid to agricul- 
ture. They live a wandering life, for the most part. 

Rivers. — Gihon and Sihon. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Persia bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and Chief Towns ? 

3. Religion 1 4. Government ? 

5. Education and Morals ? 6. Productions ? 

7. What desert ? 

8. How is Independent Tartary bounded ? 

9. What are the Chief Towns ? 

10. What is the Religion 1 11. Government ? 

12. Education and Morals 1 13. What is said of agriculture ? 

14. In what respect does this country resemble Arabia ? 

15. What are its Rivers ? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Norway. 2. Sweden. 

3. Denmark. 4. Germany. 5. Russia. 6. Turkey. 

7. Greece. 8. Italy. 


LESSON XLVI1. 

AFGHANISTAN, HERAT, AND BELOOCIIISTAN. 

AFGHANISTAN. 

Boundaries . — Afghanistan is bounded north by Inde- 
pendent Tartary, east by Hindoostan, south by Beloo- 
chistan, west by Persia. 

Capital and Chief Totvns .~ Cabul is the Capital. It 
is well built, and has a fine climate, and considerable trade. 
Population about 70,000. 

Candahar has 100,000 inhabitants. 

Ghizni has 8,000. 


102 


HERAT AND BELOOCHISTAN. 




Religion . — See Turkey. 

Government.—* It is principally that of Independent 
Chiefs. 

Education and Morals. — Learning, though better at- 
tended to than in Persia, is yet far from being directed to 
right sources. Morals, corrupt. 

Productions. — Corn, fruit, sugar, ginger, dates, cotton. 

River. — The Indus. 

HERAT. 

Herat lies between Tartary and Afghanistan. 

Cajntal and Chief Towns. — Herat, the capital, is a 
commercial and flourishing town. Pop. 100,000. 

In all other respects, see Afghanistan. 

BELOOCHISTAN. 

Boundaries. — Beloochistan is bounded north by Af- 
ghanistan, east by Hindoostan, south by the Arabian Sea, 
west by Persia. 

Chief Toivns. — Kelat is, in some sense, the capital. 
It is the seat of the Sedar ; has 20,000 inhabitants. 

Gundava is well built, and has 16,000 inhabitants. 

Religion , Government , State of Education , <! fyc. and 
the Productions , resemble those of Afghanistan. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Afghanistan bounded 1 

2 . What is the Capital and Chief Towns T 

3. What is the Religion ? 

4. What is the Government ? 

5. What is the State of Education and Morals 1 

6. Productions 1 7. Rivers ? 

8. Where is Herat ? 9. What is the Capital ? 

10. In what respects does it resemble Afghanistan ? 

11. In what Arabia 1 12. Independent Tartary ? 



HINDOOSTAN AND FARTHER INDIA. 


103 


13. How is Beloochistan bounded ? 

14. What are the Chief Towns 1 

15. In what respects docs it resemble Afghanistan ? 

16. Specify these particularly. 

Review half of Part I. 


LESSON XLVIII. 

HINDOOSTAN AND FARTHER INDIA. 

HINDOOSTAN. 

Boundaries . — Hindoostan is bounded north-east by 
the Chinese Empire, south-east by the Bay of Bengal, 
south-west by the Arabian Sea, north-west by Beloochi- 
stan and Afghanistan. 

Towns , — Calcutta is a wealthy, populous and com- 
mercial city. Population 000,000. 

Dacca is a celebrated manufacturing city, and has 
200,000 inhabitants. 

Delhi, the seat of the Imperial Palace, which is one of 
the most magnificent residences in the world, has 300,- 
000 inhabitants. 

Religion . — The religion of India is Paganism. They 
have sacred books, called sliasters, and a priesthood, styl- 
ed Bramans. They worship deified heroes, and a great 
variety of idol gods. 

Government . — See Arabia. The chiefs possess des- 
potic power. The British East India Company have a 
commercial and political control over this vast territory. 
Its agents are responsible to the crown. 

Education and Morals .- — Society exists here in three 
grades or casts. The casts are in all respects distinct ; 
the higher ruling over the lower. The lower cast is held 
in abject poverty, ignorance and servitude ; the middle 
cast conduct the business and commercial interests ; but 


104 HINDOOSTAN AND FARTHER INDIA. 

the learning, refinement, and power, are in the hands of 
the highest class. 

Productions. — Cotton, cocoa, and the various kinds of 
tropical fruits. 

Rivers. — The Ganges and Indus. 

FARTHER INDIA. 

Boundaries.' — Farther India is bounded north by the 
Chinese Empire, east by the Chinese Sea, west by the 
Bay of Bengal. 

Capital and Chief Towns . — Ava has a population of 
50,000. 

Umerapoora has 30,000 inhabitants. 

Bankok has 90,000. Hue 100,000. 

Religion , Government , Education and Morals , and 
Productions. — See, in general, Hindoostan. 

Rivers. — Irrawady and Cambodia. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Hindoostan bounded ? 2. What are the Chief Towns ? 
3. Tell what you know of the Religion. 4. Government. 

5. State of education and society. 

6. What are the Productions ; 7. Rivers'? 

8. How is Farther India bounded 1 

9. What are the Chief Towns ? 

10. In what respects is it like Hindoostan ? 

11. Tell what these are in particular. 

12. What are the Rivers ? 

Review remainder of Part I. 


CHINESE AND JAPAN EMPIRES. 


105 


LESSON X L I X . 

CHINESE AND JAPAN EMPIRES. 

CHINESE EMPIRE. 

Boundaries . — ’This Empire is bounded north by Sibe- 
ria, east by the Pacific Seas, south by Farther India and 
Hindoostan, west by Independent Tartary. 

As will be seen by the maps, this empire is known 
under several divisions, but these are not political or ac- 
tual divisions. 

Capital and Chief Towns. — Pekin, the capital, is the 
largest city on the globe ; but it has not the beauty and 
splendor of European cities. Pop. 1,500,000. 

Canton is less populous but more beautiful than Pekin. 
Population 1,000,000. 

Nankin has 500,000 inhabitants. 

Religion. — This is Boodism, which is but another de- 
velopement or phase of Hindooism, or the religion of the 
Bramans. The higher and more educated classes, How- 
ever, profess the religion or philosophy of Confuscius. 

Government. — Patriarchal, or Limited Monarchy. The 
Emperor is styled the Son of Heaven, and exercises a 
sort of paternal control over his subjects. 

Education and Morals. — The arts and sciences are 
to some extent cultivated here. Poetry, geography, 
history, mathematics and painting are attended to by the 
higher classes ; but general education and morality are 
in a wretched state. 

Productions. — Tea, camphor, cinnamon, rice, and the 
tropical fruits. Our finest crockery wares come from 
China. 

Rivers. — The Amour, the Hoang IIo, and the Ivian Ku. 

Mountains. — Altay and Himmaleh. 

r 


106 


SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA. 

JAPAN. 

Japan consists of several islands, lying between the 
Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. 

Capital and Chief Towns.- — Jedda, the capital, is one 
of the largest and most populous cities in the world. 
The Imperial Palace is said to be nearly fifteen miles in 
circumference. Pop. 1,300,000. 

Meaco has 500,000 inhabitants. 

Religion.— It consists of various kinds of Paganism ; 
the religion of Sinto, and the doctrines of Confucius, 
and Boodism have their devotees. 

Government.— Absolute Monarchy. 

Education and Morals. — See China. 

Productions. — Pice, hemp, and tropical fruits. 

SIBERIA, OR ASIATIC RUSSIA. 

This vast region lies between the Chinese Empire and 
the Arctic Ocean, and between Europe and the Pacific. 

Towns. — Tiflis, Tobolsk, and Irkoutsk have each 
about 25,000 inhabitants. 

Religion. — The Greek Church. There are many 
Mahometans and Pagans in this region. 

Government. — This region belongs to European Rus- 
sia, and is under the Russian government. 

Education and Morals. — These are in alow condition. 

Productions. — Furs and minerals. 

Rivers. — Obi, Lena, Yenissei. 

Mountains.— Ural and Altay. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is the Chinese Empire bounded 1 

2 . What is the capital and chief towns ? 

3. What is the religion ? 4. What is this 1 5 . Government ? 

6. Education and morals ? 7. Productions ? 


CHINESE AND JAPAN EMPIRES. 


107 


8. Ilivers ? 9. Mountains ? 

10. Where does Japan lie ? 

11. What is the capital and chief towns ? 

12. What is the Religion? 13. Government ? 

14. State of Education and Morals ? 15. Productions? 

16. Where is Siberia ? 17. What are the towns ? 

18. What is the Religion ? 19. Government? 

20. Education and Morals 1 21. Productions? 

22. Rivers ? 23. Mountains ? 

Review. — 1. Tell what you know of Turkey in Asia. 

2. Arabia. 3. Persia. 4. Independent Tartary. 

5. Afghanistan. 6. Beloochistan. 7. Herat. 8. Hindoostan. 


108 


AFRICA. 


AFRICA. 

LESSON L . 

EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. 

EGYPT. 

Boundaries . — -Egypt is bounded north by the Medit- 
erranean, east by the Red Sea, south by Nubia, west by 
the Great Desert. 

Capital tind Chief To wn s .— Cairo is the capital. It 
is irregularly built; the houses are mostly small, and 
built of mud. It has an extensive traffic with Asia and 
Africa, by caravans. Pop. 300,000. 

Alexandria is but a shadow of its former splendor. 
Here are Pompey’s Pillar, a splendid Obelisk, and the 
Catecombs. Population, once 600,000, is now but 25,- 
000 . 

Damietta has 25,000 inhabitants. 

Religion . — See Arabia and Turkey. 

Government .— See Turkey and Persia. 

Education and Morals . — Egypt was anciently cele- 
brated for its learning. It has been styled the birth-place 
of the sciences, literature and the arts ; and in fact the 
whole field of learning was most thoroughly explored 
and cultivated by the ancient Egyptians. But now the 
scale has turned ; the mass of the people are sunk in ig- 
norance. 

Productions .— See Alabama, Georgia, and Mexico in 
general. 

River . — The Nile. 


NUBIA. 

Boundaries . — Nubia is bounded north by Egypt, east 
by the Red Sea, south by Abyssinia, west by the Great 
Desert. 




s/ 


109 


EGYPT, NUBIA, AND ABYSSINIA. 

Towns. — Sennaar was once a place of note. It is now 
a mass of huts and cabins. Pop. 10,000. 

Suakim is one of the great slave marts, and has 8,000 
inhabitants. 

Dongola, once the largest city in Nubia, is now redu- 
ced to a few hundred inhabitants. 

Religion . — They are principally Pagans and Mahom- 
etans. 

Government. — The political state is that of independ- 
ent tribes and chiefs. See Arabia. 

Education and Morals. — Education and refinement 
are but little known. In some parts, learning is attended 
to. 

Productions. — The land is not much cultivated. Trop- 
ical fruits, gums, &c. are produced. 

Rivers. — The Nile and its branches. 

ABYSSINIA. 

Boundaries .- — Abyssinia is bounded north by Nubia, 
east by the Red Sea and the Straits of Babelmandel, 
south by unexplored regions or Adel, and west by Ni- 
gritia. 

Towns. — Gondar. has more than 30,000 inhabitants. 
Axum was once the capital. 

Religion. — That of the Greek Church. See Russia. 

O 

Heathenism, in many parts, prevails. 

Government. — See Nubia or Arabia. 

Education and Morals. — See Nubia. 

Productions. — See Nubia. They manufacture iron 
and brass ware. 

River s.~ The branches of the Nile. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How is Egypt bounded ? 

2. What is the Capital and the Chief Towns ? 

3. What is the Religion ? 


10 


110 


BARBARY STATES. 


4. What can you say of the Government 1 

5. Of the state of Education and Morals p 

6. Productions'? 7. What river ? 

8. How is Nubia bounded ] 

9. What are the Chief Towns ? 

10. What is the Religion ? 11. Government? 

12. What is the state of Education and Morals ? 

13. What are the productions ? 

14. What are the Rivers 1 

15. How is Abyssinia bounded ? 

16. What are the Chief Towns? 

17. What is the Religion ? 18. Government ? 

19. State of Education and Morals ? 

20. Productions ? 21. Rivers ? 


LESSON LI. 

BARBARY STATES. 

TRIPOLI. 

I ✓ 

Boundaries . — Tripoli is bounded north by the Medi- 
terranean, east by Egypt, south by the Desert, west by 
Tunis. 


TUNIS. 

Boundaries . — Tunis is bounded north by the Mediter- 
ranean, east by Tripoli, south by the Desert, west by 
Algiers. 


ALGIERS. 

Boundaries . — Algiers is bounded north by the Medi- 
terranean, east by Tunis, south by the Desert, west by 
Morocco. 


BARBARY STATES. 


Ill 


MOROCCO. 

Boundaries . — Morocco is bounded north by the Med- 
iterranean, east by Algiers, south by the Desert, west by 
the Atlantic. 


FEZ. 

Boundaries. — Fez lies between Morocco and the At- 
lantic and Mediterranean. 

Capitals . — The capital of each of these States bears 
the names of the States themselves. 

Religion. — The religion throughout these States is 
Mahometan. See Turkey. 

Government. — Each of these States has a separate 
government. The government of Morocco, Tunis, 
and Tripoli, is absolute. All but Morocco and Fez, are 
nominally dependent on other powers. Egypt upon that 
of the Sultan, and Algiers upon the crown of France; 
but at present, this dependence is but nominal. 

Education and Morals. — Both are in a wretched 
state. The Koran is almost their only book. They are 
a warlike and wicked race. 

Productions. — Grain, beans and lentiles, and all kinds 
of tropical fruits. 

Rivers. — None of note. 

Mountains.— The Atlas chain. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . How is Tripoli bounded 1 

2. How is Tunis bounded ? 

3. How is Algiers bounded ? 

4. How is Morocco bounded 1 

5 . How is Fez situated 1 

6. What are the Capitals of these countries 1 

7 . What is the Religion 1 8. What is the Government ? 

9. What is the state of Education and Morals 1 

10. What are the productions ? 11. What Mountains 1 

Review the countries of Asia. 


112 GREAT DESERT AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 


LESSON L I I. 

THE GREAT DESERT CENTRAL AND WESTERN AFRICA. 

THE GREAT DESERT. 

The Great Desert lies between the Barbary States and 
Central Africa. It is one vast sea of moving sand, 
interspersed with islands or oases of verdant lands. 
These deserts are traversed by caravans, and are inhabi- 
ted by a fierce, predatory, and unsubdued race of men. 

Fezzan lies south of Tripoli. Mourzouk, the capi- 
tal, is the centre of the caravan trade in Africa. 

CENTRAL AFRICA, OR NIGRITIA. 

This country lies between the Great Desert and the 
Mountains of the Moon. It is divided into several dis- 
tinct governments. Darfour is the most easterly, Bam- 
bara the most westerly. Between them, lie Timbuctoo, 
Houssa, Bornou, and other minor states. 

Towns. — Sego, the capital of Bambara, has 20,000 in- 
habitants. 

Timbuctoo, the capital of the state of this name, is a 
commercial place, situated on the desert. Pop. 15,000. 

Sackatoo is a place of much business. Kouka, Kob- 
be, Kasmia, are other principal towns. 

Religion . —Mahometan and Pagan. 

Government . — Independent Chiefs. The sovereigns 
exercise an arbitrary, though some of them a patriarchal 
power over their subjects. 

Education and Morals . — See Barbary States. They 
are more pacific and mild in their dispositions, and yet 
they are the most injured people on the globe. 

Productions. — Coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, and some 
grain, together with tropical fruits. 

River . — The Niger. 

Mountains . — The Mountains of the Moon. 


WESTERN AFRICA. 


113 


WESTERN AFRICA. 

This country lies between the Great Desert and the 
Gulpli of Guinea and the Atlantic. 

Senegambia lies between the Great Desert on the 
north, Nigritia on the east, and the Atlantic on the south 
and west. 

Guinea lies between Nigritia on the north, the Gulph 
of Guinea on the south, and the Atlantic on the west. 

Towns. — Teemboo, Coomassie, Benin, Dahomney. 
Religion.— Paganism and Mahometanism. 

Government . — See Nigritia. 

Education and Morals. — Education is but very little 
attended to. The people are timid, supine, and indolent. 

Productions. — See Nigritia. All kinds of tropical 
fruits are abundant. 

River. — The Niger. 

Mountains . — The Mountains of the Moon. 

Between Senegambia and Guinea, are Sierra Leone, 
an English Colony, and Liberia, an American Colony. 
These Colonies are made up mostly of emancipated 

slaves and free negroes from England and America. 

% 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where does the Great Desert lie ? 

2. Where is Fezzan ? 3. By what are these deserts traversed 1 

4. Where does Nigritia lie 1 5. Mention some of the towns. 

6. What is the Religion I 7. Government ? 

8. Education and Morals ? 

9. Productions, Rivers and Mountains ? 

10. Where does Western Africa lie ? 

1 1. Where does Senegambia lie ? 

12. Where does Guinea lie ? 13. Mention some of the towns. 

14. What is the religion ? 15. Government? 

16. Education and Morals 1 17. Productions? 

18. River and Mountains ? 

19. Where do Sierre Leone and Liberia lie ? 


10 * 


114 


SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICA. 


20. For what are they intended ? 21. By whom inhabited ? 

Review Europe. The Teacher will ask the ques- 
tions to each country in the usual manner. 


LESSON L 1 1 1 . 

SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICA. 

SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

South Africa lies between the Atlantic and the Indian 
Oceans, in the southern extremity of Africa. In the 
north-west part of this region, are Zimbebas, the country 
of the Hottentots ; in the southern extremity, Cape Col- 
ony ; in the north-eastern, Caffraria. 

Chief Towns.-— The principal towns are Lattakoo, 
Kurreechane, and Cape Town, the capital of Cape Col- 
ony. 

Religion. — Cape Colony is settled mostly by Europe- 
ans, who are Protestants. They have planted a number 
of Missionary stations among the Hottentots, Cadres, 
and surrounding people, who are sunk generally to the 
lowest degree of mental degradation. 

Government.— Cape Colony is subject to the British 
Crown. The other countries have no government ex- 
cept that of Independent Chiefs. 

Education and Morals. — Education is much neglect- 
ed in the English Province, and wholly so in the other 
parts. 

Productions. — Wheat, barley, corn, hemp, flax. 

River.— The Orange. 

EASTERN AFRICA. 

This country lies between South Africa and Abyssin- 
ia, along on the Indian Ocean. 

Monomotapa lies between South Africa and Mozam- 
bique, on the coast of the Indian Ocean. 


SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AFRICA, ETC. 115 

Mozambique lies still north, on the channel of that 
name. 

Zanguebar lies farther north on the coast. 

Adel and Ajan lie between Abyssinia and the Indian 
Ocean. 

Towns . — Magadoxo is the capital of the province of 
that name, which is a part of Zanguebar. 

Melinda, Mozambique, and Sofala, all situated on the 
coast, are the principal towns. 

Religion. — In the northern part, they are Mahome- 
tans. In the southern, they have no settled religion or 
law. 

Education and Morals. — These are in a wretched 
state. 

Productions. — Minerals, drugs, oil, pepper, frankin- 
cense, and some grain. 

Of the vast region lying between Eastern and West- 
ern Africa, but little is known. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where does Southern Africa lie ? 

2. In what part of this region are the Zimbebas and Hottentots ? 

3. In what Cape Colony 1 4. What are the principal towns ? 

5. What is the Religion ? 6. Government ? 

7. Education and Morals ? 8. What are tho productions ? 

9. Rivers ? 10. Where does Eastern Africa lie ? 

11. In what order do the provinces lie ? 

12. What are the chief towns 1 13. What is the religion ? 

14. Education and Morals 1 15. Productions? 

Review Asia. 


LESSON LIV. 


Review Africa. 


116 


OCEANICA. 


OCEANIC A. 

LESSON LV. 

Under this head, are embraced the Islands generally, 
between Asia and New Holland ; also, New Holland, 
New Zealand, and the Islands generally in the Pacific 
Ocean. 

These Islands are for the most part in a state of 
uncivilization. As a race, they are peculiar in form, 
features, and color. The same peculiarity belongs to 
the animal and vegetable kingdom. Nature seems to 
have changed her order in these vast Islands. The in- 
habitants mostly lead a predatory and roving life, with- 
out the restraints of law or religion. In some parts of 
New Holland, civilization has commenced her work. 
England has possessions and colonies there, and a place 
of banishment for her criminals. The productions are 
valuable wood, spices, dye-stuffs, and the most excellent 
fruits. Schools, and Missionary stations have been es- 
tablished in some of these islands, and great advance- 
ment has been made in some of them ; especially in the 
Sandwich and Society Islands, in civilization and Chris- 
tianity. The English have Missionary stations in New 
Holland. 

These islands abound in volcanoes. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What Islands does Oceanica embrace ? 

2. What is the state of society there ? 

3. In what are they peculiar ? 

4. To what else does this peculiarity extend ? 

5. What manner of life do they lead 1 

6. What nation has colonies in New Holland ? 

7. What are the productions of these islands? 

8. What is said of missionary efforts 1 

9. With what do these islands abound ? 

Review all the countries in Europe. 


QUESTIONS. 


117 


LESSON LYI. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. In what direction is each of the capitals of the United States 
from Richmond ? 2. From Little Hock ? 3. From Boston ] 

4. Which way from Lima is each of the capitals of S. America ] 

5. Which way from the mouth of the Amazon is each capital ? 

6. Which way from La Plata ? 

7. Which way is each of the capitals of Europe from Rome ? 

8. From Moscow ? 9. From London ? 

10. Which way is each of the capitals of Asia from Mecca P 

11. From Teheren l 12. From Pekin ? 

13. Which way is each country in Africa from Egypt? 

14. From Fez! 15. Guinea? 

Review each country in Africa. 


LESSON L V 1 1 . 

. QUESTIONS. 

1. Which way from Washington is the centre of each grand di- 
vision on the globe] 2. The centre of each ocean ? 

3. Which way the principal islands ] 4. Seas] 

5. Bays] 6. Straits] 

7. Which way from the North Pole are all the countries and 
waters on the globe ? 

8. Standing on the North Pole, how many directions or points of 
compass could you at first go ] 

Review each country in Europe. 


118 


LATITUDE. 


LESSON L V 1 1 1 . 

QUESTIONS. 

1. In what direction, and through what waters would you sail, in 
going from Quebec to London ? 

2. From Albany to Calcutta ? 

3. From Cincinnati to Astoria, in Oregon Territory ? 

4. From Paris to Constantinople ! 

5. From Rome to Buenos Ayres ! 

6. From Tobolsk to Cairo ? 7. From Timbuctoo to Bangor! 

8. From Louisville to Calcutta? 


LESSON LIX. 

LATITUDE. 

Latitude is distance north or south of the equator, 
reckoned in degrees and minutes. The reckoning is 
made on the margin of the maps. Most of the land of 
the globe is in north latitude. Most of the water is in 
south latitude. All the Seas are in north latitude. All 
the Gulphs and Bays are in north latitude. And nearly 
all the Gulphs, Bays, and Seas are in the North Tempe- 
rate Zone. 

There can be but 90 degrees of latitude. The poles 
are 90 degrees from the equator ; and this is the greatest 
distance that can be reached from the equator. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is latitude ? 2. How is it reckoned ? 

3. In what latitude is most of the land on the globe ? 

4. In what, most of the water! 

5. In what are the seas, gulphs, and bays ? 

6. How far are the poles from the equator ! 


O 


LONGITUDE. 119 

/ 

7. In what latitude is Washington ? 8. About how many degrees ? 
9. In what is Quebec ? 10. How many degrees ? 

11. In what is Canton ? 12. Buenos Ayres 1 13. Degrees P 

14. Quito? 15. The Straits of Magellan 1 

16. The Cape of Good Hope 1 17. Bhering’s Straits ? 

(The teacher may extend the lesson at pleasure.) 


LESSON LX. 

LONGITUDE. 

Longitude is distance east or west from some fixed me- 
ridian. The principal is Greenwich, near London. 

Longitude is expressed on the map of the world, by 
figures on the equator ; on the other maps, by figures at 
the bottom. 

Longitude can never exceed 180 degrees, as that is the 
greatest distance that can be reckoned from any one 
place ; it being half the circumference of the globe. 

The Eastern Continents are in east longitude, mostly ; 
the Western, in west longitude. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is longitude ? 2. What is the principal meridian ? 

3. How is longitude reckoned ? 

4. How many degrees of longitude can be had 1 

5. In what longitude are the Eastern Continents'? 

6. In what are the Western Continents ? 

7. In what longitude is Washington ? 8. How many degrees ? 

‘ 9. In what is Canton ? 10. Degrees ? 

11. Quebec ? 12. About how many degrees ? 

13. Buenos Ayres? 14. Berlin? 15. Morocco? 16. London 

17. Iceland? 18. Bhering’s Straits 1 19. The Poles ? 

(The teacher may extend the lesson.) 


120 


c UESTIONS. 


LESSON L X I . 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is an Empire? 2. A Confederacy ? 3. A Republic ? 

4. A Monarchy ? 5. A Vice Royalty 1 

6. What is a Limited and what an Absolute Monarchy 1 

7. Describe Popery 1*8. The Greek Church ? 

9. What is Protestantism ? 10. What is Mahometanism ? 

1 1 . What is Paganism ? 


LESSON L X I I . 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Mention all the countries on the globe that have the same lon- 
gitude. 2. Mention those that have the same latitude. 

3. Mention those that have a Republican form of government. 

4. The Monarchical form. 

5. Mention those that are Limited. 6. Those that are Absolute. 

7. Mention those that are Vice Royalties. 

8. Mention the Confederacies. 

9. Mention such as are in Europe. 

10. Mention those that are Independent Chiefs. 

Review all the countries in Africa. 


LESSON L X 1 1 I . 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Mention those countries whose form of Religion is Protestant. 

2. Mention those whose religion is Catholic. 


n 


QUESTIONS. 


121 


3. Mention those whose religion is Mahometan. 

4. Those whose religion is Greek Church. 

5. Mention those countries whose productions are furs and timber 
merely. 6. Those whose productions are grains, timber, and the 
effects of the pasture, viz. beef, butter, cheese, wool, &c. 

7. Those whose productions are wheat, com, hemp, and flax. 

8. Cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, &c. 

9. Tropical fruits, vine, olive, &c. 


LESSON LXIY. 

QUESTIONS. 

1 . Mention those countries whose state of education and morals 
is good. 

2. Mention those whose state of education is middling, or on an 
average. 

3. Those where these are poor. 

4. Those where they are totally neglected. 

5. Mention those States that are bounded by the Mississippi river. 

6. Ohio. ‘ Jr 

7. Mention those countries that are washed by the Amazon river. 

8. La Plata. 9. The Rhine. 10. Volga. 11. Danube. 

12. The Indus. 13. Nile. 14. Niger. 


11 


GEOGRAPHY. 

PART III. 

MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


A Historical View of tlie Different Races of Men 
anti Countries on tlie Glolbe. 

THE DIFFERENT RACES OF MEN. 

The human family form in fact but one species. But 
custom, climate, and other circumstances or providences, 
have conspired to divide the human family into distinct 
races. These varieties or grades of men have been va- 
riously classified. But the most correct and perhaps phi- 
losophical classification, is the following : 

1st. The Caiicassicin Race, having the head and the 
general form well proportioned, and the skin white. 

2d. The Mongolian Race, having the head nearly 
square, the cheek bones prominent, the face broad and 
flattened, and the skin tawny. 

3d. The American Race, having the cheek bones 
high, the forehead low, the face broad, the eyes sunken, 
and the skin a reddish yellow. 

4th. The Malay Race, having the marks of the two 
preceding races, with the forehead slightly arched, the 
upper jaw projecting, and the skin a deep brown. 

5tli. The Negro Race, having the head narrow, the 
forehead convex, the nostrils wide and flat, the jaws 
lengthened, the lips thick, and the skin black. 

The Caucassian, or white race, includes most of the 
European and American nations ; also, the Turks, Ara- 
bians, Hindoos, Persians, Circassians, Georgians, Jews, 
Moors, and some other less important nations. 


ro 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


123 


The Mongolian race includes most of the inhabitants 
of Eastern Asia ; viz. the Chinese, Japanese, Birmese, 
and some other nations in the north of Europe and Amer- 
ica. 

The Malays inhabit the peninsula of Malacca, Cey- 
lon and the islands of the Pacific ocean. 

The Ethiopian , or Negro race, is found mostly in 
Africa. 

The American race includes the aboriginal inhabitants 
of North and South America, and some others. 

CONDITIONS OF SOCIETY. 

The races of men are found either in a Savage, Bar- 
barous, Civilized, or Enlightened state. 

Those in the savage state live wandering lives, and 
subsist mostly upon fishing and hunting. In this state, 
society is found in its rudest elements. Education is 
neglected, morals are corrupt, and the salutary influences 
of social life, are but little felt. Government, if it exists at 
all, is found in its loosest forms ; and the religion is that 
of heathenism. 

The barbarous state is an advance from the savage, to- 
ward the civilized state. Those who are found in this 
state, attend somewhat to the cultivation of the land, to 
learning and the arts. Still, they are generally in a de- 
graded state, without salutary forms of government or 
salutary systems of religion. 

Most of the Mongolian race may be said to be in this 
state. Also, the inhabitants of North Africa, Arabia, 
Hindoostan, and a large part of the Turkish and Russian 
Empires. 

The Civilized state, is where government, laws, educa- 
tion, and refinement are found in an improved condition. 
In civilized society the physical resources of the country 
are fully brought out; civil and social order prevails, and 
intellectual and moral cultivation are attended to. This 
state of society exists sometimes where the inhabitants 
are in a state of heathenism. This was the condition of 


124 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. At pres- 
ent, France in general, Denmark, parts of Russia, Mexi- 
co, and Chili are in this state. 

The Enlightened state, includes all that has been 
said in respect to the civilized forms of society, and in 
addition, the general prevalence of the Christian religion ; 
and in this state, religion is supposed to modify and con- 
trol, in a measure, all the other forms and influences of 
society. This state of things is mostly future . 

It does not, however, exist wholly in prophesy* 
Communities have existed in this state. There is an ap- 
proximation toward this condition of things, in parts of 
North America and of Europe, and even in the islands 
of the sea, where but a few years ago, the purely savage 
state prevailed. 

It may be observed here that the Caucassian or white 
race, stands decidedly at the head of the different races 
that inhabit the earth. 

They are superior in the arts of civilization, in physical 
enterprise, and in personal beauty and symetry, and al- 
so, in intellectual and moral improvement. 

LANGUAGES. 

The various races of men speak nearly 2,000 differ- 
ent languages, and most of these languages have a vari- 
ety of dialects. 

Attempts have been made to classify these numerous 
languages ; those being made to form distinct classes, 
whose roots, structure and laws, have a resemblance to 
each other. 

The prevailing languages now in use, are the Chinese, 
Arabic, Persian, Turkish, French, German, English, 
Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Malay, Latin, and Greek. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


125 


A brief historical view of tlie different 
Countries and States on the &lobe. 

UNITED STATES. 

The United States were probably once inhabited by a 
partly civilized race of men. This appears from the va- 
rious relics of civilization and power that are found in 
different parts of the country. This race of men is now 
probably extinct, or lost in other races. When this con- 
tinent was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, it was in- 
habited by the American race, in an entirely savage state. 
It was soon visited and possessed by other European ad- 
venturers, before whom the natives fled, or were destroy- 
ed, till at length the country, on the Atlantic side, be- 
came British Colonies. This state of things remained 
under various modifications, until the year 1776, when 
the Colonies, having suffered much from British oppres- 
sion, declared themselves free and Independent States. 
After a bloody war of about seven years, the indepen- 
dence of the States was acknowledged by Great Britain. 
After various attempts and difficulties, the Confederated 
form of government, under which we now live, was es- 
tablished. Since that time, we have encountered anoth- 
er successful struggle with Great Britain ; growing out 
of a denial of the “ right of search,” on our part, and 
depredations committed upon our commerce. We have 
also carried on several wars with the Indians. Our 
country, from the beginning, has had an unrivalled growth 
and prosperity. 

The inhabitants are of the Caucassian race, and speak 
the English language. 


MAINE. 

The first permanent settlement was made at Saco, 
some say York, in 1623. This Colony was placed un- 
der the jurisdiction of Massachusetts in 1650. In 1820 
it became an Independent State. 


11 * 


126 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

The first settlement of this State was made at Dover, 
in 1623. For more than a century, the jurisdiction of 
this province was fluctuating. Several times it was a 
province of Mass, and as often, an independent Colony. 
Since 1741, it has been a separate government. 

VERMONT. 

This State was first settled at Fort Dummer, on the 
Connecticut, in 1742. The claim to the State was con- 
tested between New York and Mass. This contest was 
never settled ; but, during the Revolutionary war, this 
Colony, with others, became independent. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

This State was first settled by the Puritans, in 1620, 
at Plymouth. Massachusetts held a high rank among 
the Colonies, took the lead in the revolutionary struggle, 
and has since held a prominent rank among the States. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Rhode Island was first settled by Roger Williams, at 
Providence, in 1636. He was banished from Mass, for 
maintaining principles of toleration odious to the Puri- 
tans. Rhode Island received its present charter from 
Charles II, in 1663. Recent violent attempts have been 
made to change the form of government prescribed in 
that instrument. 

CONNECTICUT. 

This State was first settled at Windsor, in 1633. It 
originally consisted of two colonies, but afterwards be- 
came one. After a long contest, a charter was formed, 
under which the government was administered, until the 
year 1818. Since that time a more liberal Constitution 
has been adopted. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


127 


NEW YORK. 

New York was first settled at Albany, by the Dutch, 
in 1612. After various contests it became an English 
Colony. It remained such till the Revolutionary war. 
New York exceeds either of the other States in popula- 
tion, wealth, commerce, and internal improvements. 

NEW JERSEY. 

This State was first settled by the Dutch, in 1624. 
After various and protracted contests between the Swedes 
and English, this State became an English Colony. In 
1776, the present Constitution was formed. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

This State was settled by William Penn, a Friend, at 
Philadelphia, in 1681. He immediately entered into a 
treaty with the Indians, and honorably purchased of them 
large tracts of land. For seventy years after, a state of 
uninterrupted harmony existed between this Colony and 
the Indians. The present Constitution was formed in 
1790. Philadelphia was the capital of the United States 
for some time. The Colonial, and afterwards the Uni- 
ted States Congress, held its sessions here, till the vear 
1800. 

DELAWARE. 

This State was first settled at Fort Christiana, in 1637, 
by the Swedes and Fins. It afterwards became subject 
to New York ; and in 1682, it was ceded to Penn- 
sylvania. In 1701, it became a separate government. 
The present Constitution was formed in 1831. 

MARYLAND. 

This State was first settled by the Catholics, under 
Lord Baltimore, in 1633. This sect, being persecuted 
in England, like the Puritans, fled for an asylum to this 


128 


miscellaneous view. 


wilderness country. Baltimore, like Penn, purchased 
his land of the Indians, and lived in peace with them. 
The Catholics, though tolerant to all other sects, soon 
became the victims of persecution. Their rights were 
restored by Charles II. Soon after, the government was 
assumed by the crown of England ; but in 1776, the 
rights of the Colony were restored. At the Revolution, 
it became independent, and the present Constitution was 
formed. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

This district is now the seat of government for the 
United States, and is under its jurisdiction. It is ten 
miles square, and situated on both sides of the Potomac. 
It was ceded to the government by Maryland and Vir- 
ginia in 1790, and became the capital in 1800. 

VIRGINIA. 

This State was first permanently settled by the En- 
glish, at Jamestown, 1607. This Colony suffered much 
from famine and war with the Indians. In 1776, it be- 
came an independent State, and its present Constitution, 
since revised, was then formed. This State has furnish- 
ed some of the most prominent men of our country, and 
has filled the Presidential chair nearly two-thirds of the 
time since the government was formed. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

After several unsuccessful attempts by the English, 
this State was first permanently settled about the year 
1650. It afterwards became a British Colony. A Con- 
stitution was formed in 1776, and revised in 1835. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

This State was first settled at Fort Royal, in 1670. 
It was formerly united with North Carolina. In 1790, 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


129 


the present Constitution was formed, and has been twice 
amended since. 


GEORGIA. 

Georgia was settled by the English, at Savannah, in 
1732. The Colony suffered much from war with the 
Spaniards of Florida. The present Constitution was 
formed in 1798. 

ALABAMA. 

This State, ceded to the United States by Spain and 
Georgia, became a Territory in 1817, and in 1819 an in- 
dependent State. Its growth has since been rapid. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

/ 

This State was first settled by the French, at Natchez, 
in 1716. Its possession was long disputed by the 
French, Spanish, and English. In 1763, it was ceded 
to England. In 1798, it became a Territory, and in 
1817, an indepedent State. 

LOUISIANA. 

The first permanent settlement was made at New Or- 
leans, by the French, in 1722. It was afterwards ceded 
to Spain ; then to France again. In 1803, it was pur- 
chased by the United States of France. In 1812, it was 
erected into an independent State, and admitted into the 
Union. 


ARKANSAS. 

This State once formed a part of Louisiana. It was 
afterwards included in the Territory of Missouri. It 
became a separate Territory in 1819, and an independent 
State in 1836. ^ 


130 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


TENNESSEE. 

This State was settled by emigrants from North Caro- 
lina and Virginia, about the year 1765. It was included 
in North Carolina till 1790, when it became a separate 
Territory. In 1796, it was admitted into the Union, as 
an independent State. 

KENTUCKY. 

This State was once a part of Virginia. It was first 
settled* in 1769. It was admitted into the Union in 1792. 
The present Constitution was formed in 1799. 

OHIO. 

This State was settled by the Ohio Company, at Ma- 
rietta, in 1788. The country was much annoyed at first, 
by the Indians. They were at length subdued by Gen. 
Wayne. It was admitted into the Union, as an indepen- 
dent State, in 1792. Its growth since has been rapid. 

MICHIGAN. 

This State was first settled by the French, about the 
year 1750, at Detroit. Soon after it fell into the hands 
of the British. In 1805, it became a Territory, and in 
1836, an independent State. 

INDIANA. 

# 

This State was settled by the French, in the early part 
of the last century. About fifty years after, it was ce- 
ded to the British. In 1800, it became a Territory. It 
afterwards suffered greatly from Indian depredations. 
They were afterwards expelled by Gen. Harrison, in 
1811. It became a separate State in 1816. 

ILLINOIS. 

The first settlement was made at Kaskaskia, by the 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


131 


French, near the end of the seventeenth century. In 
1763, this Province was ceded to Great Britain. In 
1809, it became a Territory ; and in 1818, an indepen- 
dent State. 


MISSOURI. 

This State, once a part of Louisiana, was first settled 
in 1764, by the French. In 1804, it became a distinct 
Territory, and in 1820, an independent State. 

THE TERRITORIES. 

Florida was first settled by the Spaniards. The In- 
dian Territory is occupied mostly by tribes of Indians, 
removed from the States by the general government. Io- 
wa and Wisconsin are settled mostly by native Indians. 
The white population, however, is rapidly increasing. 
The Missouri and Oregon Territories are inhabited by 
native Indians, 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

This part of the American continent, was very early 
discovered by the Europeans. Labrador was discovered 
by Cabot, in 1497. Afterwards, new adventurers dis- 
covered other portions. Early in the seventeenth centu- 
ry the Canadas were ceded by France to England, and 
afterwards all the other French possessions. In the late 
war with Great Britain the United States made several 
unsuccessful invasions upon Canada. In 1837, several 
insurrections took place in these provinces, but were 
soon checked. 

ICELAND. 

Iceland was settled by emigrants from Norway, in 
the ninth century, and for a long time remained an inde- 
pendent nation. About four hundred years after, it be- 
came subject to Norway. It is now a province of Den- 
mark. 


132 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


TEXAS. 

Texas was first settled by the Spaniards, at Bejar, in 
1681. About forty years after, a colony from the Canary 
Islands was established here. It was a scene of revolu- 
tions and changes for more than one hundred years. 
About twenty years since, after the Province had been 
enlarged by the government of Mexico, and the popula- 
tion had been increased by immigrations from the United 
States, an attempt was made by leading individuals in 
Congress, to acquire this Province ; to which many of 
the Texans warmly responded. But it ultimately failed. 
Subsequently an insurrection took place, and the Mexican 
yoke was thrown off, and an independent government was 
formed among themselves. They have since sought to be 
admitted into the United States. 

MEXICO. 

Mexico abounds in the precious metals. Attracted by 
its riches, the Spaniards made invasions upon the natives 
and subdued them under Cortes, in 1521. The natives 
were then somewhat advanced in civilization. The 
country remained a Spanish Province until 1810. After 
that, a revolution took place, and in 1822 Iturbide declar- 
ed himself Emperor. Another revolution soon took 
place, which resulted in establishing a Republican form 
of government. Every thing has since been in a con- 
fused and fluctuating state. 

GU ATAMALA. 

This country also fell a prey to the Spaniards during 
the invasion by Cortes. It became and remained a Prov- 
ince of Spain until 1821. A Republican form of govern- 
ment has since been established. The present Constitu- 
tion was adopted in 1824. 

WEST INDIES. 

There are about forty islands between North and South 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


133 


America, that take the name of the West Indies. About 
two-thirds of them are under the government of Great 
Britain. Nearly half of the rest belong to France. The 
. Dutch have about half as many as the French. Denmark 
has three. Spain has two, Cuba and Porto Rico ; these 
are the largest colonial islands. Sweden lias one. Hayti 
is an Independent Republic. Slavery exists in all these 
islands, except the English and Hayti. 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

NEW GRENADA. 

This country formerly belonged to Spain, but after a 
long and bloody war, it became an independent gov- 
ernment. In 1819, New Grenada formed a union with 
Venezuela, and since with Quito, under the title of the 
Republic of Colombia. This union has since been dis- 
solved, and New Grenada is now a distinct Republic. 

VENEZUELA. 

This country, also, was formerly a Spanish Province. 
Most of the inhabitants are native Americans. They are 
exceedingly ferocious. The present constitution of their 
government is similar to that of New Grenada. 

EQUADOR. 

This Republic was once a Spanish Colony. After a 
lesperate struggle, and a most decisive victory over the 
Spanish armies, they gained their freedom, and united 
.vith the confederacy of Columbia. This union was dis- 
ol ved in 1830. 


GUIANA. 

This country belongs to the English, Dutch, and 
French. It is inhabited mostly by Indians and Negroes, 
t was formerly a part of Venezuela and Brazil. 




1 2 


134 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


PERU. 

This country was subdued in the sixteenth century, by 
the Spaniards, under Pizarro. After a sharp contest, the 
Spanish yoke has finally been thrown off. The present 
Republic was formed in the year 1822. 

BOLIVIA. 

This country was formerly a Spanish Province. In 
1824 the Spanish yoke was thrown off, and soon after a 
Republican form of government was established. 

BRAZIL. 

Brazil was once a Portuguese Colony. It afterwards 
became a joint kingdom with Portugal. In 1825 it was 
erected into a separate kingdom, to be governed by a line 
of Sovereigns from the ancient kingdom. This form of 
government has been variously modified since. It exists 
now only in name. The republican form is gradually 
taking its place. 


PARAGUAY. 

After various fluctuations, this country declared itself 
independent, in 1813. Soon after this, the government 
fell into the hands of Francia, who claims the title of 
Dictator, and exercises arbitrary power. 

UNITED PROVINCES. 

This country was formerly a Spanish Province. About 
the year 1810, a revolt topk place, and the Spanish power 
was crushed. Several severe struggles have since been 
encountered, in which the Spaniards were defeated. The 
political condition of this country has since been fluctua- 
ting. It has had several severe contests with other pow- 
ers. Its present form of government is Republican. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


135 


CHILI. 

Chili was once a Colony of Spain. In 1810, a revo- 
lution took place. Several years after, a declaration of 
independence was made. In 1827, a republican form of 
government was established. 

PATAGONIA. 

But little is known of this country. The inhabitants 
have hitherto resisted all attempts made to civilize them, 
or introduce among them the Christian religion. 


EUROPE. 

ENGLAND. 

The history of England is interwoven with the histo- 
ry of modern nations and times. Some have supposed 
that England was inhabited nearly 3000 years ago. The 
aboriginal inhabitants were the Celts. Subsequently the 
Goths, from the continent, made an invasion upon the 
island, and drove the natives from their possessions to the 
then uninhabited parts. A little while previous to the 
Christian era, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded 
Britain, and subjected it to the Roman Empire. The 
Romans held possession of the island till about the year 
400. It was then conquered and possessed by the Sax- 
ons, who districted out the island into territories. These 
districts were afterwards consolidated into one kingdom 
by Egbert, king of West Saxony. This state of things 
remained under various modifications and reverses till 
about the middle of the 1 1 th century, when the whole 
country was subdued by William, Duke of Normandy. 
The present line of British Sovereigns take their descent 
from this new establishment of power ; styled, in British 
history, the conquest. A revolution took place about the 
middle of the 17 th century, effected by an encroach- 
ment of Parliament upon the Crown. This powerful 


136 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


body condemned and executed Charles I ; and from this 
state of things a republican form of government was at- 
tempted by Cromwell. At his death, the government was 
changed back into its former state, and the succession of 
kings was renewed. 

Soon, however, owing to the intolerance and tyranny 
of Charles II, who was a bigoted Catholic, Parliament 
assumed the sovereign power, and placed William of Or- 
ange, upon the throne. From this era may be dated the 
commencement of that degree of liberty and religious 
tolerance that now exists in England. During several 
centuries after the Reformation, the English Government 
vibrated between Popery and Protestantism. Each par- 
ty, when in power, were often exceedingly intolerant 
and oppressive. Ultimately a compromise was made be- 
tween the two great parties, and a mixture of the Protest- 
ant and Catholic forms and faith , became, and now con- 
tinues to be, the established religion of England. 

The debt of England is $3,800,000,000. Her annual 
income or revenue is about $250,000,000. Her exports 
are annually about $270,000,000. Imports, $250,000,- 
000. Her exports are mostly derived from her Colonial 
Territories. 

The English have extended their conquests into all 
quarters of the globe. They have large possessions in 
Africa, Asia, New Holland, America, and the Islands of 
the sea. England may now be regarded as the most 
powerful nation on the globe. Her agricultural, naval, 
and commercial interests are unrivalled by those of any 
other country. 


SCOTLAND. 

The history of Scotland is blended with that of Eng- 
land. This country fell into the hands of the British, 
about the eleventh century. Little is known of this 
country before this time. The British power was re- 
pelled by Wallace and Bruce, early in the fifteenth cen- 
tury ; and the independence of Scotland was re-estab- 
lished. For a whole century afterwards, Scotland was 
a scene of revolutions and reverses. The Stuarts were 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


137 


afterwards repulsed, and the government changed. The 
celebrated Mary, Queen of the Scotts, having been put to 
death by Elizabeth, Queen of England ; James, the son 
of the Scottish Queen, was placed upon the throne of 
England, and the Government of the two kingdoms has, 
from that time, been united under one Sovereignty. 

IRELAND. 

The original inhabitants of this island seem to have 
been Celts. Their history is dated as far back as two 
hundred years before Christ. 

Their line of kings is reckoned from Ivimboath. 

This island was early converted to Christianity by the 
See of Rome. From the 9 1 h to the 11th century, the 
island was overrun by the Danes. They were finally 
expelled. But the island soon fell into die hands of the 
British. The British yoke, however, sat hard upon the 
necks of the free but proud sons of the Celtic race. 
They disdained their bondage, and frequent rebellions 
arose ; during which, Ireland was often a field of blood. 
In order to keep the patriotic spirit of the Irish under, 
the most oppressive measures weft, from time to time, 
adopted by the English Government. Their goods have 
been confiscated, the people sold into slavery, and the 
tything system rigidly enforced. Ireland is a beautiful 
but disheartened country. With Scotland, it remains a 
part of the British Empire. 

SPAIN. 

The aboriginal inhabitants of Spain were Celts. It 
afterwards became a Roman Province. It was subjected 
to the Romans, together with Carthage, in the second 
Punic war. But when Rome fell, Spain went with it, 
and shared her fate. In 421, the empire of the Visi- 
goths was founded. About three hundred years after, 
the Saracens, from Africa, took possession of the coun- 
try. The African power was, by a long succession of 
wars, broken, and distinct kingdoms were founded from 
the territory torn from the invaders. Ultimately, the 

12 * 


138 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


different kingdoms were united into one Government. 
Then were the' days of Spanish glory. They had en- 
tirely expelled foreign invaders, and a new world in 
the west, had been discovered under their auspices, by 
Christopher Columbus. 

But since this period, Spain has been on the decline. 
In 1808, she fell into the hands of the French, under 
Napoleon Buonaparte. Taking advantage of this, her 
foreign provinces revolted. Her subjugation to France, 
however, was but temporary. 

Spain has long been the theatre of civil and religious 
tyranny. The cruelties of the inquisition and the rack, 
were long endured here. But more recently, advances 
have been made towards general freedom. And though, 
at present, this kingdom is the scene of civil war, grow- 
ing out of rival claims to the crown, yet it is hoped that 
this once wealthiest and most enterprizing Empire on 
the globe, will rise to that rank among the nations, and to 
the possession of those civil rights to which, for centu- 
ries, she has been aspiring. 

✓ 

PORTUGAL. 

* 

The history of this country, up to the 13th century, 
is nearly identical with that of Spain. A little subse- 
quent to this, it was erected into a separate and indepen- 
dent kingdom. In the latter part of the 16th century, 
Philip, king of Spain, conquered this kingdom and an- 
nexed it to his dominions. In 1640 the independence 
of Portugal was restored. In 1801, it was conquered by 
the French under Buonaparte, but it was soon restored 
to its former condition. It has since been the scene of 
successive wars and revolutions. 

FRANCE. 

France was early subdued by the Roman power. The 
native Gauls were afterwards conquered by the Germans. 
The kingdom in 750 fell into the hand of Charlemagne, 
who established a new line of kings. This dynasty con- 
tinued about a century, when the Bourbon family assum- 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


139 


ed the throne. France, for a season, became subject to 
England, under Henry V. This subjection, at best but 
little more than nominal, soon ceased, and France forth- 
with extended her conquests far and wide, and rose to 
great political eminence in Europe. 

During the latter part of the last century, the prosper- 
ity and power of the French having declined, a bloody 
revolution broke out. A spirit of recklessness and anar- 
chy, under the name of free principles, prevailed. The 
reigning monarch was dethroned. Every thing was in a 
state of distraction. Out of this state of things, a Direct- 
ory was formed. At this period, Napoleon Buonaparte 
appeared upon the political stage. He established a sort 
of republic, of which he became Consul. He extended 
his power and conquests over most of Europe. After va- 
rious fortunes and reverses, the power and government 
of Napoleon were crushed by the allied powers of Eu- 
rope. The Bourbons were then reinstated upon the 
throne of France. But their reign was brief. For, as- 
suming tyranical and absolute power, another revolution 
took place in 1830. The form of government was then 
entirely changed, and Louis Philip placed upon the 
throne of France. The present government is liberal. 
Identified closely with the history of the French, for the 
last fifty years, is the name, ever dear to Americans, of 
Lafaj^ette. He took a conspicuous part in both revolu- 
tions, as the champion of free principles ; but as the un- 
bending foe of the licentious, violent, lawless spirit that 
prevailed in his times. He never favored the schemes of 
Buonaparte. The prospects of France are now brightning. 

ITALY. 

Italy was once the seat of the most powerful Empire 
on the globe. An extended history of this country can- 
not now be attempted. Little is known of this peninsula 
before the landing of the Asiatic colonies. And the whole 
history of the Romans is so interwoven with mythology, 
and fabulous traditions, that implicit reliance cannot be 
placed upon the early accounts of this nation. They 
rose gradually to civilization and eminence, by their en- 


140 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


terprise and valor in arms. They finally subdued the 
Grecian Empire, and with it, the world. The golden 
period of literature and refinement in Rome, was not, 
however, till her political and military power had begun 
to decline. Rome, at last, fell by its own weight and 
corruption. It was overrun by the Goths and Vandals, 
and other tribes from the North of Europe. About this 
time the Christian religion was introduced into the Em- 
pire, and soon became the established religion of the na- 
tion. The Church and State were afterwards united, and 
the government became a hierarchy, or ecclesiastical dy- 
nasty. This state of things remained, without much al- 
teration, till the Reformation, when the power of the 
Pope was shaken. The advancement of liberal princi- 
ples and of science has ever operated to weaken the 
Catholic power, throughout the more enlightened nations 
where it has prevailed. During the latter part of the last 
century, Italy was conquered by Napoleon, and the Pope 
was made a prisoner of war. Since then, his civil pow- 
er has been in a very fluctuating state. The country is, 
in fact, divided into distinct States, and the political do- 
minion of the Pope is exercised over but a very small 
province. 

GREECE. 

The history of Greece runs into that of Rome. The 
native tribes, as they rose to power and eminence, be- 
came united into one empire. They afterwards conquer- 
ed the Trojans and Persians. Under Alexander the 
Great, their conquests were extended over nearly all the 
then known world. Greece was finally conquered by 
the Romans. Afterwards the condition of the Greeks 
was fluctuating. It ultimately fell into the hands of the 
Ottoman Emperor. After having suffered great oppres- 
sion from the Turkish power, a revolution took place in 
the year 1821, when the Peninsula of Greece was 
drenched in blood. At length, the interposition of sev- 
eral European powers ended the struggle, and the in- 
dependence of Greece was acknowledged by the Sultan 

of Turkey. 

* 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


141 


TURKEY. 

Little is known of the origin of the Turks. They 
were first known as a Scythian tribe, about the sixth cen- 
tury. About 800 years after, Osman, a Turkish chief, 
having extended his conquests into Asia, assumed the 
title of Sultan . Hence the origin of the Turkish, or 
Ottoman Empire. This Empire soon became the seat 
of Mohammedanism. This provoked the Christian 
powers to what are called Crusades, instigated by Peter 
the Hermit, against the Ottoman power, to rescue the 
Holy City from the hands of the Turks. This Empire, 
during the last century, was greatly weakened and hum- 
bled by the Russian power, and more recently by civil 
wars, and the revolt of some of her most powerful prov- 
inces. 


SWITZERLAND. . 

The Swiss are said to be descendents of the ancient 
Helvetii. They were long subject to Austria, but having 
suffered from long oppression, they rebelled, and ulti- 
mately became a separate and confederated government. 
Switzerland was conquered by Buonaparte ; but her sub- 
jection was short. She is now an independent govern- 
ment. Calvin, the great Reformer, flourished here. 

AUSTRIA. 

Austria began to attract notice in the 13th century. 
Having made large acquisitions of territory and strength, 
she assumed a rank among the European crowns in the 
16th century. Austria became an Empire in 18th century. 

PRUSSIA. 

Prussia first assumed a rank among the kingdoms of 
Europe, in the 18th century. As a kingdom, it gradually 
rose to power, and extended her territories, till finally it 
fell into the hands of Napoleon. Since then, it has been 
established upon a firm and independent basis. Prussia 
outdoes all the other nations in her systems of education. 


142 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


GERMANY. 

Ancient Germany was made up of independent prov- 
inces. It early fell into the hands of the Romans, and 
afterwards was brought under the dominion of Charle- 
magne. In the tenth century it became an elective Mon- 
archy. It was crushed by the French power, in 1806. 
In 1814 it was re-established into a confederated form of 
government. 


BELGIUM. 

r 

Belgium was formerly connected with Holland. When 
Holland revolted from the Spanish power, Belgium still 
remained a Spanish Province. In the 18th century it 
was subjected to Austria. In 1795 it was subjected to 
France. In 1814 it was united with Holland. But they 
were oppressed by the Dutch, and in 1830 revolted, and 
became a separate government. 

HOLLAND. 

The early natives of this country fell into the hands 
of the Romans ; and in the 9th century it was united 
with Germany. Subsequently, the provinces of Nether- 
land fell under the Spanish power. In 1581 they revolt- 
ed, and waged a bloody war for freedom. They came 
off victorious, and formed a separate government. In 
1795, this kingdom was conquered by France. With 
the fall of Napoleon, the Dutch kingdom was establish- 
ed on its former basis. Since then, the Belgic provinces 

have revolted. 

* 

DENMARK. 

\ . ■ * ' ' 1 

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were formerly called 
Scandinavia. After the Christian era they were con- 
quered and governed by the Goths. In the middle ages, 
the inhabitants of these countries were called Normans, 
or Northmen. About this time they extended their con- 
quests over nearly all the Atlantic Islands, bordering on 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


143 


the continent. During the eleventh century, civilization 
and Christianity were introduced. In the sixteenth cen- 
tury, Sweden was separated from the empire, and in 
1814, Norway was ceded by the Allied Powers to Swe- 
den, 

NORWAY. 

The native Norwegians were Fins. They were ex- 
pelled, at length, by the Goths. This country became 
subject to Denmark during the middle ages. It was ar- 
bitrarily wrested from Denmark, and ceded to Sweden 
by the Allied Powers, in 1814. This was done, greatly 
to the dissatisfaction of the people of Norway. 

SWEDEN. 

Sweden also was first peopled by the Fins and con- 
quered by the Goths. In the fourteenth century it was 
conquered by the Danes. A few centuries afterwards, 
the Danish yoke was thrown off under Gustavus Vasa, 
who was constituted king. Their military career, for 
several centuries after this, was brilliant. Charles the 
twelfth, after a long career of prosperity and conquests, 
was finally crushed by the Russian power. 

POLAND. 

The natives of this country were Samaritans. They 
have suffered great reverses from the very first. In the 
ninth century they became a kingdom. In the latter part 
of the last century it was divided between Russia, Aust- 
ria, and Prussia, at three different periods. Napoleon 
conquered a portion of this country, but the French do- 
minion ceased at his downfall. In 1830, the Poles rose 
in rebellion against the Russians. But after several suc- 
cessful battles, they were finally conquered, and the Rus- 
sian power over them is now absolute. Though the 
Poles are a hardy, brave, and warlike people, still, they 
have, from the very beginning, been subject to heavy re- 
verses and misfortunes. They have suffered great op- 


144 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


pressions from their conquerors ; which, while it has 
tended to dishearten and humble them, has at the same 
time roused them to rebellion and stimulated them to re- 
cover that freedom and power for which they always had 
a strong passion. They are now a dejected, heart-bro- 
ken, scattered people. 

RUSSIA. 

We know little of Russia before the fifteenth century, 
*vhen it was subject to the empire of Tamerlane. But 
?eter the Great, early in the eighteenth century, laid the 
foundation of the Russian power and empire. Ilis efforts 
;nd success in civilizing and elevating the Russian 
tribes, were unparalled. lie gave character as well 
>s existence to this empire. Catherine conquered the 
^oles and Turks. The empire rapidly rose in power 
md importance. The invasion of Napoleon in 1813, 
was checked, and after his downfall and the overthrow 
of the French empire, in which the Russian armies took 
a conspicuous part, the Russian conquests were widely 
extended over Western Europe. The Russian Empire 
is the largest if not the most powerful on the globe. 


ASIA. 

TURKEY IN ASIA . 

This is the birth-place of civilization. And it may be 
roperly styled the birth-place of man. Man here first 
xisted and walked with God ; and here fell. This 
'as the theatre of the antediluvian world. Here the ark 
v^as made. Over these mountains and plains it floated, 
nd on one of its summits rested. It was here that Abra- 
>am and the Jewish nation flourished — the prophets 
vrote and sung. Here stood Bethlehem and the Holy 
ity. Here the Saviour of the world was born, died, and 
cended. And this was the scene of most of the 
,r ents recorded in the Bible. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


145 


The ancient empires of Assyria and Babylon flourish- 
ed here. But long before the Christian era, they were 
swallowed up in the Persian empire. And afterwards, 
the Persian was lost in the Grecian empire. And just 
before the Christian era, this country, with all the Gre- 
cian dominions fell into the vortex of the Roman con- 
quest. About 800 years after, the Saracens subjected 
this country to the Mahomedan Caliphs. And 800 
years after, the Holy Land was subjected to the Ottoman 
or Turkish Empire. A part of it, including the Holy 
City, is now claimed by the Pacha of Egypt. 

ARABIA. 

This is the birth-place of Mahomet. He soon con- 
quered Arabia and Syria, and spread his empire and re- 
ligion wide over Europe, Asia, and Africa. Arabia has 
since been nominally subjected to the Porte, or Ottoman 
Power. 

P E R S I A . 

Persia, after its union with Media, became a powerful 
empire. Under Cyrus, the ancient Assyrian empire was 
conquered, and annexed to the Persian empire. But du- 
ring the reign of Xerxes, a weak and unfortunate prince, 
this empire was conquered by the Greeks, and became a 
part of the Grecian empire. The largest army, proba- 
bly, that was ever led into the field, consisting of several 
millions, was checked and broken, though not conquer- 
ed, by perhaps the smallest army that ever appeared on 
the field of battle — the three hundred Lacedemonians. 

Afterwards Persia fell into the hands of the Saracen* 
and Turks. In the middle ages it was overrun by the 
Mongols, and in the seventeenth century, by the Turco- 
mans. It is now an Absolute Monarchy. 

INDEPENDENT TARTARY- 

The Tartars, like the ancient Scythians and Saracen*, 
are invincible by civilization. They seem to posses* a, 

13 


146 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


stereotyped character. In the thirteenth century, this 
country was conquered by Genghis Kahn ; but the next 
year, Tamerlane threw off the Mongol yoke, subdued 
Persia, erected an empire, and for a time, crushed the 
Turkish power in the west. It has latterly vibrated be- 
tween the Russian and Chinese powers. The present 
government, however, is principally that of Independent 
Chiefs. 


AFGHANISTAN. 

This country rose from ancient barbarous tribes, it 
took the form of a kingdom in the eleventh century, and 
soon became the centre of an extensive empire. In the 
fourteenth century it was subjected to the empire of Tam- 
erlane. Three hundred years after, the Afghans con- 
quered Persia. Shortly after, they were in turn conquer- 
ed and subdued by the Persians. Since then the Persian 
yoke has been thrown off. But the empire is broken up 
into provinces, governed mostly by Independent Chiefs. 

BELOOCHISTAN. 

Beloochistan compares, in most respects, with Afghan- 
istan. They never have risen to any political eminence 
in the world. They are still in a state of semi-civiliza- 
tion, and are governed mostly by Independent Chiefs. 

HINDOOS TAN. 

This country was invaded very early by the Egypt- 
ians, Persians, and Greeks successively. The Mahom- 
edan power was established here in the eleventh century. 
Since then, the European powers have made discoveries 
and encroachments in this country. The English East 
India Company have established a commercial dynasty 
here, the effect of which has been to carry the English 
arms, policy, and power over nearly all the East Indies, 
and to subject the inhabitants to an oppressive and cruel 
vassalage. The English and Americans have established 
many Missionary stations here. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


147 


FARTHER INDIA. 

The history of this country is nearly similar to that 
of Hindoostan. It has been the scene of wars and revo- 
lutions ever since its first discovery. Here, empires, like 
bubbles, have risen, broken, and fallen. It has finally 
shared the fate of Hindoostan, and a large portion of it 
is subjected to a British military despotism. 

CHINESE EMPIRE. 

The early history of this country is shrouded in dark" 
ness. It is, at best, confused and fabulous. The Chi- 
nese claim an antiquity almost as great as the geologists 
claim for the primitive earth. The rise of Confucius 
forms a new era in this empire. He flourished about 
2500 years since. He was of royal descent, but resign- 
ed his dignity and betook himself to morals. He was 
the Socrates of his times. He enjoined universal benev- 
olence, justice, virtue, and uprightness. And, as a teach- 
er of morality, he gave character to the nation. He made 
law and authority, in his system, to be but handmaids 
of morality. And he made parental government and in- 
fluence to involve and shape every other influence. 
Hence originated the Patriarchal form of government 
which prevails in this empire. He led a quiet and ab- 
stemious life, and was distinguished for his wisdom. 
Though from disaffection, he had separated himself from 
the court, he did not attempt to overthrow the establish- 
ed form of government ; but inculcated the duty of sub- 
ordination to power and the practice of all the private 
and public virtues. 

China has frequently been subdued by foreign con. 
querors, and is now encountering a struggle with Grea 
Britian. % t 

The Chinese have strenuously avoided all intercourse 
with other nations, and regard themselves as the “ Ce- 
lestial Empire. 


JAPAN. 

The first knowledge that the Europeans had of this 


148 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


country, was from Marco Polo, about 600 years ago. 
About two hundred years after, a Portuguese colony was 
founded there, and the celebrated Xavier, a Jesuit Mis- 
sionary, proceeded to Japan to propagate Christianity. 
This he did with great success. About forty years after, 
a revolution broke out, and a new line of kings began. 
The Jesuits and Portuguese, suffering much from this 
new order of things, were exceedingly stubborn and re- 
fractory. At length the Portuguese and the Missionaries 
were expelled from the empire. Multitudes fell in the con- 
test. But before this the Dutch had gained an influence 
with the natives, and had contributed not a little to 
the results just spoken of — they succeeded the Portu- 
guese in influence and trade, but not in ecclesiastical af- 
fairs. They are exceedingly jealous of foreigners. They 
are a somewhat refined and intelligent nation. Their 
government is despotic. The Confucian philosophy has 
prevailed here extensively ; but Paganism is the preva- 
lent religion. 


AFRICA. 

EGYPT. 

Egypt is a land famed in ancient history ; nor has it 
ever lost its importance. It was once the seat of the 
arts and sciences. No where on earth can be found so 
many monuments of ancient power and splendor. Her 
Labyrinths, Catecombs, Pyramids, and Obelisks, Artifi- 
cial Lakes and Aqueducts, her Cities and Temples, now 
in ruins, are truly the wonders of the world. 

The political history of this country begins with the 
Pharaohs. 

For more than a thousand years after, the kingdom 
presents a series of reverses and changes. About 400 
years before Christ, it belonged to the Persian Empire, 
and afterwards to the Grecian, till at length it became a 
Roman province. In the seventh century, it fell a prey 
to the Mahomedan Caliphs. In the middle ages it be- 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 149 

came subject to the Turkish empire. About forty years 
since it was conquered by the French, under Buonaparte. 

Mohamed Pacha, though nominally a Turkish viceroy, 
exercises absolute power over this country. He is an 
enterprising, ingenious, and powerful Prince. 

BARB ARY STATES. 

These States occupy a conspicuous place in ancient 
and modern history. iVncient Carthage and Numidia 
were included in this territory. Some geographers have 
regarded Barca and Fez as separate States, others have 
included them in the other States. These States are in- 
habited by a fierce and warlike people, of the Saracenic 
race. Still they have been several times subjugated bv 
foreign powers. During the last century they threw off 
the Turkish yoke, to which they had turbulently submit- 
ted, and erected themselves into independent govern- 
ments. They have since formed a line of piratical pow- 
ers, to the great annoyance of most of the commercial 
nations. Their power has since been broken by the 
United States, England, and France. 

NUBIA. 

Nubia was anciently called Ethiopia. It was once a 
powerful and civilized people. Ethiopia gave arts, learn- 
ing, and laws to the Egyptian. They are black, but not 
of the negro race. Neither the Persians, Romans, Sar- 
acens, or Turks could conquer them in their ancient glo- 
ry. But their splendor and power are now gone. The 
country is broken up into weak and petty States, and 
governed by rival and cruel chiefs. 

ABYSSINIA. 

Little is known of this country till the fourth century, 
when it was converted to Christianity. About one 
thousand years afterward, the Portuguese waged war up- 
on them, in order to introduce the Catholic faith. They 
however failed, and Abyssinia has since been jealous of 
Europeans, and is now sunk into a semi-barbaric state. 

13 * 


150 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


EASTERN AFRICA. 

Of the history of this vast region very little is 
known. Some trade is carried on with the Europeans. 
They often go naked. They believe in charms and 
divinations — are ignorant and stupid. 

SOU T HERN AFRICA. 

This region was visited by European adventurers, a 
few centuries since ; and colonies have been established 
there. The Cadres and Hottentots inhabit the most of 
this region. Some of the tribes seem to be but a grade 
above the brute species, living in caves, or in the open 
air, sleeping often in the trees, living upon grass roots, 
toads, and insects. In other parts they live more like 
human beings — have the semblance of huts or tents, and 
shew a little more enterprise. 

Missionary efforts there have proved successful, and 
show the wonderful power of the gospel to elevate the 
mind and purify the heart. 

WESTERN AFRICA. 

This vast circuit of country is a moral wilderness. 
It is the theatre of the foreign slave-trade. The natives 
of this country have been seized and carried to almost 
all civilized countries. This has been a matter of legal- 
ized commerce. But it is now forbidden by most of the 
governments, that have hitherto participated in it. Little 
was known of this country, till recently ; having been 
visited only by slavers and men-stealers. In fact, till 
recently, the mouth of the Niger, one of the largest riv- 
ers in the world was not ascertained. One impediment 
to gaining a knowledge of this country, is the sickliness 

of its climate. 

* 

CENTRAL AFRICA. 

This region is settled by the Moors, or negroes of an 
Arabic mixture. They are a timid and inoffensive peo- 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


151 


pie. The land is very much neglected. What has been 
said of Western Africa, is true, substantially, of them. 
Some advancement has been made in the arts and civili- 
zation. 

In truth, Africa is an ill-fated country. It is situated 
mostly in the torrid zone. 

w 

It is subjected to many unfavorable physical influences ; 
among which arc, a scorching sun and a pestilential at- 
mosphere, rendered so, or more so, by the deserts and 
swamps with which the interior abounds. These 
circumstances have conspired, with others, to debilitate 
and actually deform the mental and physical constitution 
of the inhabitants. 

The condition and complexion of the African people 
have tempted other nations to commit upon them, out- 
rages and cruelties which have hardly a parallel in the 

annals of human cruelty. 

•/ 

The attention of the world, however, has been called 
of late to the condition of the African race. The slave- 
trade is now legalized only by few of the enlightened 
nations of the world ; and a sympathy, corresponding 
somewhat with the spirit of the Christian religion, is 
beginning to be felt for the African race. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is said of the human family ? IIovv do they now exist ? 
Describe the Caucasian race — The Mongolian race — The American 
race — The Malay race — The Negro race. What nations does the 
Caucassian race include i — what the Mongolian race ? — what coun- 
tries do the Malays inhabit 1 — where is the Ethiopian race found 1 — 
where the American race ? 

In what condition are these races found ? Describe briefly the 
savage state — The barbarous state. What nations are found in this 
state ? Describe the civilized state. What ancient and modern na- 
tions in this condition ? Describe the enlightened state. What na- 
tions have made advances toward this condition ? What is said of 
the Caucassian race ? 

How many languages do the above races speak ? What principle 
of classification has been adopted ? Mention the prevailing languages. 


152 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


What evidence that the United States were anciently inhabited 1 
What took place in 1492 ? What race then inhabited this country ? 
What took place soon after ? What did the Provinces at length be- 
come ? What took place in 1776 ? What followed ? What form 
of Government was finally established ? What was the cause of the 
last war with Great Britain ? What other wars have we waged 1 
What else is said of our country 1 

When and where was Maine settled 1 Under whose jurisdiction 
was it placed 1 What took place in 1820 ? 

When and where was New Hampshire first settled ? What else 
is said of it? What took place in 1741 ? 

When and where was Vermont first settled ? By whom w r as the 
claim to this State contested ? What took place during the war ? 

When, where, and by whom was Massachusetts first settled ? 
What else is said of Massachusetts. 

When, where, and by whom was Rhode Island first settled ? Why 
was he banished from Massachusetts? What took place in 1663 ? 
What has recently taken place there ? 

Where was Connecticut first settled ? What was its former state 1 
What then took place ? What more recently ? 

When, where, and by whom was New York first settled? What 
did it afterwards become ? What else is said of New York ? 

When and by whom was New Jersey first settled ? What after- 
wards took place ? When was the present Constitution formed ? 

When, where, and by whom was Pennsylvania settled ? What 
course did he take with the Indians ? What was the result of this 
course ? What took place in 1790? What is said of Philadelphia? 

When, where, and by whom was Delaware settled ? What after- 
wards took place ? W T hat took place in 1682 ? What in 1701? 
What in 1831 ? 

When and by whom was Maryland first settled ? What is said of 
the Catholics here ? What course did Baltimore take ? What soon 
l>efell the Catholics ? What soon followed ? What then took place ? 
When were their rights restored ? 

Of what is the District of Columbia the seat of Government ? By 
what States was it ceded ? When did it become the capital ? 

When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled ? What is said 
of this Colony ? W T hat is said of this State ? 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


153 


When and by whom was North Carolina first settled ? What did 
it afterwards become ? What took place in 1776 ! 

When and by whom was South Carolina first settled ? With 
what State was it united ? What took place in 1790 1 

When and by whom was Georgia first settled ? What is said of 
this Colony ? What took place in 1798 ? 

By what States was Alabama ceded to this Government ! What 
took place in 1817 1 What in 1819 ? What else is said of it ? 

When, where, and by whom was Mississippi first settled ? What 
else is said of it? What took place in 1763 ? What in 1798 ? 
What in 1817 ? 

When, where, and by whom was Louisiana first settled ? What 
changes afterward took place ! What took place in 1803 ? What 
in 1812 ! 

What is said of Arkansas? What took place in 1819! What 
in 1836 ? 

When and by whom was Tennessee first settled ? What is said 
of its state afterward ? What took place in 1796 ? 

What is said of Kentucky ? What took place in 1792 ? 

When, where, and by whom was Ohio first settled ? By whom 
were the Indians subdued! What took place in 1792 ? What else 
is said of it ! 

When, where, and by whom was Michigan first settled ? What 
■oon took place ? — In 1805 ! — In 1836. 

When and by whom was Indiana first settled ? What took place 
afterward! What in 1800 ! What is also said of it ? By whom 
were they expelled ! What occurred in 1816 ? 

When, where, and by whom was Illinois first settled ? What took 
place in 1763 ? In 1809 ? What in 1818 ! 

When, where, and by whom was Missouri first settled ! What 
took place in 1804 ! In IScO ? 

By whom was Florida first settled ? 

By whom are the Indian Territories occupied ! 

By whom are Iowa and Wisconsin mostly settled ? 

By whom are the Missouri and Oregon Territories mostly inhabited! 

When and by whom was British America first discovered ? What 
took place in 1497! What afterwards! In the 17th century! 
In the last war with England ? In 1837 ? 


154 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


What is said of Iceland ? To what power did it become subject ? 
To what is it now ? 

When, where, and by whom was Texas first settled ? What took 
place forty years after? During the next hundred years ? What 
twenty years since ? Did the project succeed ? What followed ? 
What have they attempted since ? 

With what does Mexico abound ? What followed in 1521 ? What 
is said of the natives ? Till when did they remain a Spanish Prov- 
ince] What took place afterward? What more subsequently? 
What has been their state since ? 

What is said of Guatamala ? 

Of what is the West Indies composed ? What proportion of them 
belong to Great Britain ? To the French ? The Dutch ? How 
many belong to Denmark ? How many to Spain ? To Sweden 1 
What is Hayti ? What is said of slavery here ? 

To what country did New Grenada belong ? What afterward 
took place ? What in 1819 ? What has since taken place ? 

What was Venezuela formerly ? What is said of the inhabitants? 

What was Equador formerly ? What afterwards took place ? 
What in 1830 ? 

To whom does Guiana belong ? By whom is it inhabited ? 

What happened to Peru in the 16th century ? What took place 
in 1822? 

What was Bolivia formerly ? What took place in 1824? What 
followed ? 

VVhat was Brazil formerly ? What afterwards took place ? What 
followed in 1825 ? What else is said of this country ? 

What is said of Paraguay ? Of Doctor Francea ? 

What was the United Provinces formerly ? What took place in 
1810? What is said of their condition ? 

What was Chili formerly ? What took place in 1810 ? In 1821 ? 

What is said of Patagonia ? Of its inhabitants ? 

By whom was England early inhabited ? What followed ? What 
took place just before the Christian era ? What is said of the Sax- 
ons ? What is recorded of Egbert ? What took place in the 11th 
century ? What followed from this state of things ? What took place 
in the 17th century ? What was the result? After Cromwell, what 
took place ? What in the time of Charles II ? What may be dated 
from this era ? What followed for several centuries ? What was the 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


155 


final result ? What is the debt, income, and revenue of Great Britain ? 
What are the exports and imports ? What else is said of England ? 
Where have they possessions ? In what do they excel ? 

What took place in respect to Scotland, in the 14th century ? In 
the 15th ? For a whole century after ? What was the result ? 

What is said of the ancient Irish ? From whom were their kings 
reckoned ? What else is said of this island ? What took place be- 
tween the 9th and 1 1th centuries ? What afterward ? Did they sub- 
mit to this ? What course did England take ? To what are the Irish 
still subject ? What more is said of them ? 

Who were the ancient Spaniards ? What afterwards took place ? 
What in 421 ? What 300 years afterward ? What finally followed ? 
What has taken place since the days of Spanish glory ? What occur- 
red in 1808 ? Of what has Spain long been the theatre ? 

With that of what other country is the history of Portugal identi- 
fied ? What occurred in the 10th century ? In 1640 ? In 1807 ? 

By whom was France early subdued ? What afterward took place? 
What in 1750 ? When did the Bourbon family take the throne? To 
what power did F ranee become subject ? What followed after this 
subjection ceased ? What occurred during the last century ? What 
grew out of this state of things ? What conqueror then arose ? What 
did he establish ? By whom was he crushed ? What followed ? What 
took place in 1830 ? What is said of La Fayette ? 

What was Italy formerly ? By whom was it first settled ? What is 
said of the history of this people ? Of their conquests, refinement, 
power ? What became of Rome ? What soon followed ? What form 
of government was established ? What took place at the Reforma- 
tion ? What during the last century ? What has been the state of 
the Popish power since Italy was conquered by Napoleon ? 

With the history of what other country is that of Greece connect- 
ed ? What nations did the early Greeks conquer ? What took place 
under Alexander ? By whom were the Greeks conquered ? Finally, 
into whose hands did this Empire fall? What took place in 1821 ? 
What powers assisted the Greeks 7 What w'as the result of this 
struggle ? 

Who were the Turks, when they were first known ? What can 
you say of Osman ? Of what did this Empire soon become the seat ? 
To what did this lead ? Who instigated the Crusades? What took 
place during the last century ? 


156 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


What is said of the Swiss ? To what government were they sub- 
ject ? What at length took place ? By whom was Switzerland con- 
quered ? What is her political condition now ? What great Reformer 
lived there ? 

What is said of Austria ? When did it become a government ? 

How long has Prussia held a rank among the kingdoms of Europe ? 
Into whose hands did she fall f What has been her state since ? 
What else is said of Prussia ? 

What is said of ancient Germany ? Into whose hands did it early 
fall ; Under whose dominion afterward ? What took place in the 
10th century ? Afterward, in 1806? And then in 1814 ? 

What is said of Belgium ? Did Belgium revolt from Spain with 
Holland ? What took place in the 18th century ? What since, in 
1795 ? What in 1814 ? What in 1830 ? 

What is said of the early natives of Holland ? What took place in 
the 9th century ? What in 15S1 ? What was the result of this con- 
test? What took place in 1795 ? What at the fall of Napoleon ? 
What since ? 

What were Denmark, Norway, and Sweden formerly called ? 
What took place after the Christian era ? What were they called in 
the middle ages ? What then took place ? What in the 1 1th century ? 
What in the 16th ? What in 1815 ? 

Who were the native Norwegians ? By whom were they expelled ? 
What took place in the middle ages ? What in 1814 ? Were the 
people of Norway reconciled to this ? 

By whom was Sweden first settled ? By whom conquered ? What 
took place in the 14th century ? What then followed ? What is said 
of their military career ? What of Charles XII ? 

Who are the native Poles ? What has been their history ? What 
took place in the 9th century ? What in the last century ? What in 
1830 ? What was the result of the contest with Russia ? What is 
said of the Poles ? What is their present condition ? 

When were the Russians first known ? Who was the father of this 
Empire ? What is said of his efforts to civilize his countrymen ? 
What is said of Catharine ? What is said of the French invasion ? 
What has been the state of the Russian Empire since ? 

Of what is Turkey the birth place ? Mention some events that 
took place here. Some of the cities. Of what was this country in 
fact the scene ? What ancient Empires flourished here ? What took 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


15? 


place just before the Christian era ? What 800 years after'? What 
800 years after this ? 

Of what was Arabia the birth-place ? What is said of him ? To 
what power is Arabia now subjected ? 

What is said of Persia ? What took place under Cyrus ? What 
under Xerxes ? What is said of the battle? What took place after- 
ward ? What in the middle ages ? What in the 17th century ? 

What is said of the Tartars? Of their character? What took 
place in the 13th century ? What the year after ? What is their 
present state ? 

What is said of Afghanistan ? What took place in the 14th centu- 
ry ? What 300 years after? What subsequently to that time? What 
is its present state ? 

What is said of Beloochistan ? What is their present state ? 

By whom was Hindoostan early invaded ? What took place in the 
the 1 1th century ? What is said of the East India Company ? 

With what country does the history of Farther India compare? 
Of what has it been the scene? What is now its condition ? 

What is said of the history of China ? What of the antiquity 
they claim ? What of Confucius ? What did lie enjoin ? What ef- 
fect had his teachings on the Chinese nation ? Give a brief view of 
his system ? What was his personal character ? What else is said of 
China ? What do they style themselves ? 

How long a^o was Japan known to the world ? What is said of 
Xavier ? What took place about 40 years after ? What befell the Por- 
tuguese and the missionaries ? What is said of the influence of the 
Dutch ? What are the feelings of the Japanese toward foreigners? 
W hat else is said of them ? 

What is said of Egypt? Of what was it once the seat ? With 
what does Egypt abound ? What is said of the Pharaohs ? What 
took phee during the thousand years subsequent ? What changes af- 
terward ? What took place in the 7th century ? What in the middle 
ages ? What since ? What else is said of Mahommed Pacha ? 

What is said of the Barbary States ? By whom are they inhabit- 
ed ? Have they ever been conquered ? What took place during the 
last century ? What is said of them since ? By what nations has 
their power been broken ? 

14 


158 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


What was Nubia anciently called ? What is said of Ethiopia? 
What is said of their complexion ? W ere they conquered anciently? 
What is said of them now ? 

What is said of Abyssinia ? What afterwards took place ? What 
is said of the Abyssinians since ? 

What is said of Eastern Africa ? What of their trade — their 
superstitions, and character ? 

What is said of Southern Africa ? Who inhabit this region, most- 
ly ? What is said of them, and their habits ? What is said of the 
missionary efforts here ? 

What is said of Western Africa ? Of what is it the theatre ? 
What is said of the slave trade ? Was much known of this country 
till recently ? What impediment to discoveries in this country ? 

By whom is Central Africa settled ? What is said of them ? What 
is said of Africa in general ? To what is it subject ? By whom is it 
inhabited ? What have these circumstances led to ? "What have the 
Africans suffered as consequences ? What is now beginning to be the 
state of public feeling ? What of the slave trade ? 







MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


159 


A brief Historical and Statistical view of the different 
Missions and Missionary Stations, of the 
several Religious Denominations; 


It may be remarked here, that the Missionary enter- 
prize is peculiar to the Gospel Dispensation. 

There was nothing essentially like it under the Old 
Dispensation. This is a developement in the progress 
of truth and light that emphatically belongs to the gospel 
era. The progress of religion, anciently, was like that 
of a stream, confined close within its rock-bound banks. 
In the latter dispensation, it is like the same stream, swell- 
ing and bursting beyond its bounds and fertilizing a 
world. Religion is now no longer Jewish, but the lega- 
cy of a world. 

Jesus Christ was himself, in the highest sense of 
the word, a Missionary. He was sent of the Father to 
a lost world ; and he died a sacrifice for sin, not only, 
but a martyr to his cause, upon the great field to which 
he was sent. 

His early disciples and apostles were Missionaries. 
4t Go ye into all the world , and preach the gospel to ev- 
ery creature,” was the Saviour’s command and their in- 
structions ; “ and they went every where preaching the 
word.” 

The early Christians were Missionaries. The action 
of the church, for the few first centuries, was a Mission- 
ary action. The gospel was sent and preached to most 
of the heathen nations then on the globe ; so that the 
gospel was somewhat generally diffused over the earth. 
But it was not till since the dark ages of the church, that 
missionary operations took a systematic form. 

The Catholics have, from the first, showed a com- 
mendable zeal in propagating their faith and forms over 
the world. But the first Protestant Mission was under- 
taken about 300 years ago. Gustavus Vasa, of Sweden, 
who delivered his own country from the Danish yoke, 
and was instrumental in establishing the religion of the 
Reformation among his countrymen and subjects, sent a 
missionary to Lapland. 


160 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


About 100 years afterward, John Elliot commenced a 
mission among the American Indians, in Massachusetts. 
This movement gave rise to systematic operations to 
spread the gospel among the native tribes. About 80 years 
afterward, there were a large number of Churches among 
the Indians in New England. 

Early in the last century, the Danes established a mis- 
sion in Hindoostan. Its influence has been extensive 
and happy. Some 20 years after, a mission was estab- 
lished at Madras ; and, as a consequence, nearly 1500 
converts united with the Church. 

MORAVIAN MISSIONS. 

The Moravians next appear upon the scene of mis- 
sionary enterprise. They have had stations in the West 
Indies, in Greenland, among the North American Indians, 
in South America, Labrador, and in South Africa. 

Their operations have been very successful. The 
Moravians are emphatically a missionary people. Their 
religion has taken that cast ; and the zeal with which 
they have prosecuted their operations is worthy of all 
praise. 

BRITISH MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. 

CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONS. 

The London Missionary Society was established in 
the latter part of the last century. They have establish- 
ed missions in the South Sea Islands, Hindoostan, Bur- 
mah, CafFraria, among the Hottentots, in the West Indies, 
in South America, in New Holland, and in the Mediter- 
ranean. These missions have been, from time to time, 
most signally blessed, especially those in the Pacific, and 
in the East Indies. 

THE ENGLISH BAPTIST MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

This Society has establishments in Bengal, Arracan, 
Hindoostan, in Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, the West Indies, 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


161 


in South America, and in South Africa. The missions 
at Bengal, in Ilindoostan, and in the West Indies have 
been greatly blessed. 

TIIE ENGLISH EPISCOPAL MISSIONS. 

“ The Church of England Missionary Society ” was 
formed about the commencement of the present century. 
They have stations in New Zealand, Ilindoostan, Bom- 
bay, Ceylon, North America, Abyssinia, Sierra Leone, 
and the West Indies. These missions have been much 
blessed, especially the one at Sierra Leone, in Africa. 

ENGLISH METHODIST MISSIONS. 

“ The TVesleyan Missionary Society" was formed in 
1817. The English Methodists had previously exerted 
great influence in spreading the gospel in America and 
elsewhere. 

This Society has missions in the West Indies, in Brit- 
ish America nearly eighty different stations, several in 
Asia and Ceylon, about thirty in Africa, in different parts 
of Europe about forty. These operations have been 
greatly blessed. Those least in Europe, those most in 
the West Indies. 

AMERICAN MISSIONS. 

THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN 

MISSIONS. 

• 

This Board was formed in 1810. Application had 
been made to a body of Congregational clergymen by a 
few devoted individuals, who were in a course of prepa- 
ration for the ministry, for assistance to enable them to 
prosecute their purpose to spend their lives among the 
heathen. This led to the formation of the Board. They 
have four stations in Africa, two in Greece, six in Turkey, 
four in Syria, two in Persia, four among the Mahrattas, 
seven in Southern India, seven in Ceylon, two in Siam, 
one in China, one at Singapore, three in Borneo, seven- 

14* 


162 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


teen at the Sandwich Islands, and twenty-five among the 
American Indians. These missions have been greatly 
blessed, especially those at Ceylon and the Sandwich 
Islands. 

PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONS. 

The Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions . This 
Board is the channel of Missionary operations for a large 
portion of the Presbyterian church in the United States. 

It has establishments in West Africa, the East Indies, 
and among the North American Indians. It has one sta- 
tion at Singapore, and several at Texas. 

AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONS. 

The American Baptist Board of Foreign Missions 
grew out of the American Board of Missions. The Rev. 
A. Judson, one of the first missionaries of that Board, 
having changed his opinions in respect to baptism, through 
his influence in part that Board was formed. 

This Board has sixteen stations in Europe, two in Af- 
rica (Liberia,) seventeen among the American Indians, 
thirty-seven in Asia. Burmah is the seat of their oper- 
ations in Asia. 

The operations of this Society, on the whole, have 
been very successful. 

AMERICAN METHODIST MISSIONS. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church Missionary Society , 
was organized, in 1819. They have establishments at 
Africa, South America, and in Texas. This society has 
several stations among the American Indians. 

THE FREE WILL BAPTIST MISSIONS. 

This Denomination have not till recently taken the 
Foreign Field. They have a station at Orissa. 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


163 




OTHER MISSIONARY OPERATIONS. 

There are various other Missionary establishments be- 
longing to different denominations, among which are 

THE GERMAN MISSIONS. 

% 

The German Missionary Society has stations in Siber- 
ia and in Liberia, and several Missionaries in Hindoostan. 

FRENCH MISSIONS. 

The French Protestant Missionary Society was form- 
ed in 1822. They have several stations in South Africa. 

SCOTTISH MISSIONS. 

The Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland, have stations 
at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, and in other places. 

The Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society has Mis- 
sionary establishments in the West Indies, and in various 
parts of Asia. 

The Glasgow Missionary Society was formed in 1796. 
It has Missionary stations at South Africa, among the 
Caffres. 

THE NETHERLAND MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

* 

They have establishments in the East Indies and in 
Siam. 

THE RHENISH MISSIONARY SOCIETY 

Has several Missionary stations in South Africa. 

THE JEWISH MISSIONARY SOCIETY 

_ • 

Was formed in 1808. It has over fifty Missionaries 
and assistants, employed in various parts of Europe and 
Asia. 


164 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


CATHOLIC MISSIONS. 

% 

It has been remarked that the Roman Catholics, from 
the very first, have propagated their faith by Missionary 
operations. In prosecuting their grand design of conver- 
ting the world to their faith and forms, they have from 
time to time, exhibited a zeal, that has had no parallel in 
the history of Missions. Almost all of South America, 
by these operations, has been converted to their faith : 
and their influence has extended widely over North 
America. They have spread their faith throughout a 
large proportion of the countries of Europe ; and are 
making the most strenuous exertions to propagate 
their religion in the East Indies and in Central Asia. — 
They have been the antagonists of Protestant Missions 
generally, and have often attempted to supplant these Mis- 
sions where they have been in a prosperous condition. 

The Jesuits hold the political and moral influence of 
the Papal hierarchy ; and are the missionaries and mis- 
sionary patrons of this vast establishment. 

The funds of the Catholic Missionary establishments 
are derived mostly from France, Italy, Austria and Great 
Britain, 





/ 


K 






MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


165 


TABULAR VIEW OF MISSIONS. 


• 

Stations 

Mission- 
a lies. 

Communi- 

cants, 

Moravians, .... 

52 

241 

16,390 

London Missionary Society, 

562 

158 

7,100 

English Baptists, 

132 j 

140 

23,200 

Church of England Miss. Soc. 

92 j 

183 

2,947 

Wesleyan Methodists, (Eng.) 

219 

643 

72,690 

American Board, . 

85 

526 

2 1 ,26 1 

Presbyterian Board, . 

12 

32 

Unk’n. 

American Methodist Missions, 

50 

100 

3,510 

American Baptist Missions, 

67 

112 

2,100 

Free-will Baptist “ 

i 

3 

Unk’n. 

German “ 

4 

12 

u 

French * “ 

8 

13 

117 

Scottish “ 

5 

7 

1,196 

Glasgow “ 

3 

4 

Unk’n. 

Netherland “ 

13 

I 19 

4 . 

Jewish “ 

23 

50 

ii 


The author would here remark that the above table is 
as accurate as the nature of the subject will admit, and 
yet there are probably inaccuracies in regard to the exact 
number either of the stations, Missionaries, and com- 
municants, and this, from the fact that each are con- 
stantly varying. 

•He would also remark that in the number of Mission- 
aries inserted, the wives of Missionaries, Teachers and 
native assistants are generally included. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is said of the Missionary enterprise ? What of the work of 
Christ ? What of his disciples and apostles ? 

What is said of the Church during the first centuries ? What of 
the Catholics ] Who established the first Protestant mission ? Men- 
tion the facts. What took place 100 years afterward ? To what did 


166 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


this give rise ? What took place early last century ? What is said of 
the mission at Madras ! Where have the Moravians missionary sta- 
tions ? What is said of their operations ? 

When was the London Missionary Society established ! Where 
have they missions ? What is said of their success ? What establish- 
ments have the English Baptists ? What is said of their success 1 
When was the Church of England Missionary Society established 1 
Where have they stations ? What Society was formed in 1817 1 
What is said of them previously 1 Where have they missions ! 

Mention the circumstances that led to the formation of the 
American Board ? When was it formed 1 Where have they stations! 
What is said of their success ? What is said of the Presbyterian 
Board ? Out of what did the American Baptist Board grow ? Men- 
tion the circumstances ? Where have they stations ? With what suc- 
cess have they met ! What is said of the Methodist Episcopal Mis- 
sion ! When was this establishment formed ? Where have they op- 
erated ? Where have the Free-will Baptists missionary operations ! 

Where has the German Missionary Society establishments ? 

When was the French Missionary Society formed, and where 
have they stations ? 

Where have the Presbyterian Assembly of Scotland missionary 
operations ? Where the Scottish Episcopal Missionary Society ! 
Where the Glasgow Missionary Society ? 

Where have the Netherland Missionary Society ? The Rhenish 
Missionary Society ? The Jewish Missionary Society ? 

What is said of Catholic Missions P Where have they operations ! 

What is said of the Jesuits! Whence do the Catholics derive 
their funds to carry on their operations ? 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 167 


Population of tiie different Nations and Coun- 
tries on the Globe, and the Square Miles they 
contain. 


America, 

Population . 
44,000,000 

Square Miles. 
15,000,000 

North America, 

29,500,000 

8,500,000 

United States, 

17,000,000 

2,000,000 

Maine, 

502,000 

35,000 

New Hampshire, 

285,000 

9,500 

Vermont, 

293,000 

8,000 ' 

Massachusetts, 

738,000 

7,750 

Rhode Island, 

109,000 

1,250 

Connecticut, 

310,000 

4,760 

New York, 

2,429,000 

46,000 

New Jersey, 

373,000 

7,800 

Pennsylvania, 

1,724,000 

47,000 

Delaware, 

78,000 

2,100 

Maryland, 

469,000 

10,000 

District of Columbia, 

44,000 

100 

Virginia, 

1,240,000 

68,000 

North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 

753,000 

50,000 

594,000 

32,000 

Georgia, 

691,000 

61,000 

Alabama, 

591,000 

52,000 

Mississippi, 

376,000 

48,000 

Louisiana, 

. 352,000 

49,000 

Tennessee, 

829,000 

45,000 

Kentucky, 

780,000 

40,000 

Ohio, 

Michigan, 

1,519,000 

45,000 

212,000 

63,000 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

686,000 

35,000 

476.000 

384.000 

55,000 

Missouri, 

63,000 

Arkansas, 

98,000 

54,000 

British America, 

2,000,000 

2,500,000 

Canada, 

885,000 

230,000 

New Brunswick, 

119,000 

30,000 

Nova Scotia, 

120,000 

14,000 

Newfoundland, 

80,000 

30,000 

Texas, 

200,000 

333,000 

Mexico, 

8,000,000 

1,250‘000 

Guatamala, 

2,000,000 

200,000 

West Indies, 

3,000,000 

100,000 


168 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


* * J \ 

*y 

Population. 

Square Miles. 

South America, 

14,200,000 

6,500,000 

New Grenada, 

1 ,660,000 

400.000 

Venezuela, 

J .000,000 

400,000 

Equador, 

660,000 

250,000 

Guiana, 

194,000 

1 60,000 

Brazil, 

5,000,000 

3,000.000 

Peru, 

1 ,500,000 

500,000 

Bolivia, 

1,250,000 

400.000 

United Provinces, 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

Paraguay, 

250,000 

84,000 

Chili, 

1,400,000 

200,000 

Eurofe. 

230.000,000 

3,500,000 

Spain, 

14,000,000 

170,000 

Portugal, 

3,500,000 

40,000 

Italy, 

20.000,000 

120,000 

Greece, 

600,000 

20.000 

Turkey, 

9,000,000 

200,000 

Austria, 

32,000,000 

250,000 

Switzerland, 

2,000,000 

15,000 

Germany, 

14,000,000 

71,000 

Prussia, 

12.500.000 

110,000 

France, 

32,000,000 

200,000 

Belgium, 

4.000,000 

13,000 

Holland, 

2,750,000 

12.000 

Denmark, 

2,000,000 

20,000 

England, 

14,000,000 

42,000 

Wales, 

800,000 

8,000 

Ireland, 

7.750,000 

31.000 

Scotland, 

2,250,000 

30,000 

Norway, 

1 ,000,000 

120,009 

Sweden, 

3.750,000 

170.000 

Russia. 

e 

52,000,000 

2,000,000 

Asia, 

420,000,000 

16,000,000 

Turkey, 

9,000,000 

500,000 

Arabia, 

12,000,000 

1,000,000 

Persia, 

10,000,000 

500,000 

Afghanistan, 

13,000,090 

330,000 

Beloochistan, 

2,000,000 

170,000 

Herat, 

1 .500,000 

170,000 

Hindoostan, 

140.000,000 

1,400,000 

Farther India, 

30,000,000 

750,000 

Chinese Empire, 

242,000,000 

5,000,000 

China Proper, 

146,250,000 

1,250,000 

Thibet, 

12.000,000 

400,000 

Tartary, 

6,000,000 

2,000,000 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


169 



Papulation . 

Square Miles. 

Japan, 

25,000,000 

250,000 

Independent Tartary, 

7,000,000 

750,000 

Siberia, 

7,000,000 

4750,000 

Africa, 

90,000,000 

1 1 ,000,000 

Egypt* 

3,000.000 

200,000 

Tripoli, 

910,000 

190,000 

Tunis, 

J ,750,000 

55,000 

Algiers, 

1,500,000 

91,000 

Morocco, 

3,000,000 

100,000 

Fez, 

1,500,000 

70,000 

325,000 

Nubia, 

500,000 

Abyssinia, 

3,500,000 

300,000 

Liberia, 

25,000 

20,000 

Sierra Leone, 

13,000 

5,000 

Guinea, 

5,000,000 

4,000,000 

The Population of most of Africa has not 
tained. 

yet been ascer 

Oceanica, 

20,000,000 

4,000,000 

Malaysia, 

17,000.000 

3,500,000 

Austrialasia, 

2,500,000 

3,500,000 

Polynesia, 

750,000 

200,000 

EXTENT OF 

THE SEVERAI 

i SEAS. 


Square Miles. 

1,000,000 
800,000 
- 600,000 

500.000 
- 206,000 

206.000 

- 195,000 
159,000 

- 120,000 

98,000 
- 90,000 

- 35,000 

6,000 

- 5,000 


Seas. 

Chinese,. - 
Carribbean, - 
Mediterranean, - 
Okotsk, 

Celebes, 

Corea, - 
Black, 

North, - 
Caspian, - 
Red, - - ' 

Baltic, 

White, 

Marmora, 

Irish, 


15 


170 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. 


EXTENT OF THE SEVERAL OCEANS. 


Oceans. 
Pacific, - 
Southern, 
Atlantic, 
Indian, 
Arctic, - 


Square Miles. 

50.000. 000 

30.000. 000 

25.000. 000 

17.000. 000 

1,000,000 


Extent of the surface of the globe 200,000,000 square miles. 
Extent of all the Land on the globe 50,000,000 square miles. 


- i 

Tabular View of the different Religious Sects. 


Religious Sects. 

Members. 

Ministers. 

Presbyterians, 

274,000 

22 ")0 

Cumberland, do. 

50,000 

450 

Associated Ref. do. 

12,000 

116 

Associate, do. 

16,000 

87 

Reformed, do. 

3,000 

20 

Dutch Ref. do. 

22,500 

195 

German Ref. do. 

30,000 

180 

Congregationalists, 

860,000 

11,50 

Baptists, 

452,000 

4240 

Freewill, do. 

33,876 

612 

Seventh day do. 

4,503 

46 

Six Principle, do. 

2,117 

10 

Christians, 

150,000 

800 

Methodists, 

736,549 

3500 

Unitarians, 

12,000 

174 

Universalists, 

653 Societies, 

317 

Friends, 

500 Societies. 


Episcopalians, 

1,000 Societies, 

850 

Catholics, 

418 Societies, 

478 

Lutherans, 

62,300 

267 

Moravians, 

5750 

33 

Menonites, 
Mormonites, 
New Church, 

30.000 

12.000 
27 Societies 

33 

Shakers, 

6,000 

45 

Tunkers, 

3,000 

40 


MISCELLANEOUS VIEW 


171 


Some of the principal Railroads, finished or un- 
finished, in the United States. 


Names. 

Places United. j 

| Miles 
| Long. 

States. 

Bangor and Oldtown, 

Bangor and Oldtown, 

16 

Maine. 

Eastern, 

Boston and Portland, 

110 

Mass. & Maine. 

Boston and Concord, 

Boston and Concord, 

75 

Massachusetts. 

Boston and Providence, 

Boston and Providence, 

42 

Mass. & R. I. 

Eoston and W orcester, 

Boston and W orcester, 

43 

Massachusetts. 

Western, 

Worcester and Albany, 

147 

Mass. & N. Y. 

Providence and Stonington, 

Providence and Stonington, 

46 

R. I. & Conn. 

Norwich and Worcester, 

Norwich and W orces ter, 

58 

Conn. & Mass, 

Hartford and New Haven, 

Hartford and New Haven, 

35 

Connecticut. 

Housatonic, 

Bridgeport and New Milford, 

35 

da. 

Long Island, 

Brooklyn and Greenport, 

93 

New York. 

Utica and Schenectady, 

Utica and Schenectady, 

80 

do. 

Mohawk, 

Albany and Schenectady, 

16 

do. 

Saratoga and Schenectady, 

Saratoga and Schenectady, 

20 

do. 

Troy and Ballston, 

Troy and Ballston, 

2-5 

do. 

Utica and Syracuse, 

Utica and Syracuse, 

63 

do. 

Auburn and Syracuse, 

Auburn and Syracuse, 

22 

do. 

Lockport and Niagara, 

Lockport and Niagara Falls, 

22 

do. 

Buffalo and Niagara, 

Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 

20 

do. 

lthica and Oswego, 

lthica and Oswego, 

29 

da. 

Rochester and Batavia, 

Rochester and Batavia, 

47 

do. 

New York and Erie, 

Hudson River and Lake Erie, 

— 

do. 

Patterson, 

Jersey City and Patterson, 

17 

New Jersey. 

Camden and Amboy, 

Camden and Amboy, 

51 

do. 

Jersey Citv and Trenton, 

Jersey City and Trenton, 

58 

do. 

Philadelphia and Trenton, 

Philadelphia and Trenton, 

26 

Penn, and N. Y. 

Philadelphia and Columbia, 

Philadelphia and Columbia, 

81 

Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia and Reading, 

Philadelphia and Reading, 

58 

do. 

Philadelphia and Baltimore, 

Philadelphia and Baltimore, 

98 

Penn, and Md. 

Columbia and Gettysburg, 

Columbia and Gettysburg, 

.40 

Pennsylvania. 

Danville and Pottsville, 

Danville and Pottsville, 

44 

do. 

Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, 

Mauch Chunk and Port Carbon, 

35 

do. 

Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, 

Johnstown and Hollidaysburg, 

36 

do. 

Lancaster and Harrisburg, 

Lancaster and Harrisburg, 

35 

do. 

Baltimore and Susquehannah, 

Baltimore and Susquehannah River, 

76 

Md. and Penn. 

Williamsport and Klmyra, 

Williamsport and Elmyra, 

1 ™ 

Penn, and N. Y 

Carbondale and Il^pesdale, 

Carbondale and Ilonesdale, 

I 16 

Pennsylvania. 

Cumberland Valley, 

Chambersburg and Harrisburg , 

50 

do. 

New Castle and Frenchtown, 

New Castle and Frenchtown, 

: 16 

Delaware. 

Baltimore and Ohio, 

Baltimore and Ohio River, 

329 

Md. and Va. 

Baltimore and Washington, 

Baltimore and Washington, 

| 38 

Md. and D. C. 

Winchester, 

Winchester and Harper’s Ferry, 

30 

Virginia. 

Richmond and Petersburg, 

Richmond and Petersburg, 

21 

do. 

Richmond and Potomac, 

Richmond and Potomac Rivor, 

1 75 

do. 

Petersburg and Roanoke, 

Petersburg and Blakeley, 

60 

Va. & N. C. 

Portsmouth and Roanoke, 

Portsmouth and Roanoke River, 

80 

do. do. 

Raleigh and Gaston, 

Raleigh and Gaston, 

90 

North Carolina. 

Gaston and Bel field, 

Gaston and Belfield, 

20 

N. C. and Va 

Wilmington and Raleigh, 

Wilmington and Halifax, 

160 

North Carolina. 

Charleston, 

Charleston and Augusta, 

136 

S. C. Si Georgia. 

Central, 

Savannah and Macon, 

200 

Georgia 

Tuscumbia and Decatur, 

Tuscumbia and Decatur, 

46 

Alabama. 

Montgomery and CUattahooche, 

Montgomery and Chattahochee River, 

85 

do. 

Vicksburg, 

Vicksburg and Jackson, 

45 

Mississippi . 

Jackion and Brandon, 

Jackson and Brandon, 

14 

do. 

Grand Gulph and Port Gibson, 

Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, 

7 

do. 

New.Orleans and Nashville, 

New Orleans and Nashville, 

564 

La. Mi. & Tenn. 

West Feliciana, 

.<t. Francisville and Woodville, 

27 

La. and Miss. 

Memphis and La Grange, 

Memphis aid La Grange, 

50 

Tennessee. 

Tallahassa, 

Tallahasse and St. Marks, 

20 

Florida. 

Lexington and Ohio, 

Lexington and Louisville, 

85 

Kentucky. 

Central, 

Detroit and Lake Michigan, 

175 

Michigau. 

Detroit and Pontiac, 

Detroit and Pontiac, 

25 

do. 

Erie and Kalamazoo, 

Toledo and Adrian, 

33 

do. 

Madison and Lafayette, 

Madison and Lafayette, 

155 

Indiana. 


172 

Some of 


¥* ' * 

&i%Y 

MISCELLANEOUS VIEW. ^ 

THE PRINCIPAL CANALS, FINISHED AND UNFIN- 
ISHED, in the United States. 


Names. 

Places Connected. 

♦ ■ • 

’■ Length. 

States. 

Cumberland and Oxford, 

Portland and Lake Sebago, 

18 

Maine. 

Middlesex, 

Boston and Lowell, 

27 

Massachusetts 

Blackstone, 

Providence and Worcester, 

45 

Mass, fc R. Jsl. 

Farmington, 

New Haven and Northampton, 

78 

Conn. & Mas3. 

Hudson and Delaware, 

Honesdale and Hudson River, 

88 

N. Y. & Penn. 

Erie, 

Albany and Buffalo, 

363 

N. York. 

Champlain, 

Lake'Champlain and Hudson River, 

63 

do. 

Black River, 

Rome and B ack River, 

76 

do. 

Rochester and Olean, 

Rochester and Olean, 

107 

do. 

Oswego, 

Syracuse and Oswego, 

38 

do. 

Chenango, 

Binghamton and Utica, 

97 

do. 

Seneca, 

Seneca Lake and Erie Canal, 

20 

do. 

Cayuga, 

Geneva and Montezuma, 

20 

do. 

Chemung, 

Seneca Lake and Elmyra, 

23 

do. 

Ithica and Oswego, 

Ithica and Oswego, 

27 

do. 

Morris, 

Jersey City and Easton, Pa. 

101 

If. J. & Penn. 

Delaware and Rariton, 

New Brunswick and Burdentown, 

42 

N. Jersey. 

Delaware, 

Bristol and Easton, 

60 

Pennsylvania. 

Pittsburg and Erie, 

Franklin and Erie, 

90 

do. 

Lehigh, 

Easton and White Hav n, 

60 

do. 

Schuylkill, 

Philadelphia and Pori Carbon, 

108 

do. 

Little Schuylkill, 

Schuylkill River and Coal Mines, 

24 

do. 

U nio n , 

Reading and Middletown, 

78 

dc. 

Penn. Railroad and Canal, 

Philadelphia and Pittsburg, 

395 

do. 

Northumberland, 

Penn. Canal to Northumberland, 

39 

do. 

West Branch, 

Northumberland and Sinnemehonin R. 

125 

do. 

North Branch, 

Northumberland and Elmyra, 

150 

Penn. & N. Y.. 

Beaver, 

Beaver and Mercer City, 

35 

Pennsylvania. 

Sandy and Beaver, 

Beaver and Bol ivar, 

75 

Penn. & Ohio. 

Delaware and Chesapeake, 

Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, 

14 

Delaware. 

Chesapeake and Ohio K. K, & C. 

Georgetown and Pittsburg, 

342 

Va. & Mary’d. 

Dismal Swamp, 

Chesapeake Bay and New Lebanon, 

23 

Ya. & N. Caro. 

W eklen , 

Welden and Blakely, 

12 

N. Carolina. 

Santee, 

Santee and Cooper Rivers, 

22 

S. Carolina! 

Savannah and Ogeechee, 

Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, 

16 

^Georgia. 

Muscle Shoals, 

Round Muscle Shoals, 

37 

Alabama. 

La Fourche, 

New Orleans and Grand T ake, 

75 

Louisiania. 

Orleans, 

New Orleans and Lake Ponchartrain, 

7 

do. 

Miami, 

Cincinnati and Maumee, 

265 

Ohio. 

Ohio State, 

Portsmouth and Cleaveland, 

309 

do. 

Wabash and Erie, 

Lafaj'ette and Toledo, 

214 

Indiana & Ohio. 

Illinois, 

Peru and Chicago, 

100 

Illinois. 


i 








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